γ-FeOOH-草酸系统中橙黄I的光化学脱色

以8 W黑光灯为光源,γ-FeOOH为催化剂,加入草酸构成光化学Fenton体系,研究了这一体系中橙黄Ⅰ的光化学脱色动力学;考察了橙黄Ⅰ的初始浓度、初始pH值和草酸初始浓度对橙黄Ⅰ光化学脱色降解的影响.结果表明,草酸能显著促进橙黄Ⅰ的脱色与降解,橙黄Ⅰ光化学脱色一级动力学常数随草酸浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,最佳草酸初始浓度为1.8 mmol·L-1;溶液pH值的变化也显著影响橙黄Ⅰ的脱色.光化学反应过程中Fe2+和总Fe的浓度也随草酸浓度与反应时间的变化而变化.     

Prenatal diagnosis of distal arthrogryposis type I by ultrasonography

Two consecutive pregnancies in a woman with initially undiagnosed type I distal arthrogryposis (DA) are reported. A prenatal diagnosis of the condition was made by ultrasound in the 17th week of gestation in one of the pregnancies, whereas in the subsequent pregnancy the disorder was excluded as early as 13 weeks' gestation. The diagnoses were verified at birth. The feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of DA type I in the second trimester is thus confirmed and its possibility in the late first trimester is suggested.     

铜酞菁类直接染料的无盐工艺

对C．I．直接蓝86和C．I．直接蓝199两种染料生产工艺进行了改进，86号直接蓝的生产用两次沉降取代了两次盐析。在199号直接蓝的氯磺酰化反应中，铜酞菁与氯磺酸的质量比由原来的1：8．67降至1：6．00，氨解后的浆料不经盐析直接进行真空干燥，工业废水中既不含盐，废酸浓度池低，无盐工艺的采用使污水的治理得到了简化。     

A Bayesian approach to evaluating site impairment

In the United States, each state is required to list water resources that are declared to be impaired under guidelines set by the Clean Water Act. Measurements are typically collected on a number of chemical constituents and compared with a standard. If there are too many measurements exceeding the standard, then the site is declared impaired. The approach is non-statistical but similar to a Binomial test. The Binomial approach would convert the measurements to binary data then test if the proportion exceeding the standard is excessive. Both methods convert measurements to binary values hence exclude potentially important information in the data. We present a statistical approach using a Bayesian model that uses the raw data instead of the binary transformed data. The population distribution of a family of location-scale parameter models is studied under the model. Posterior distributions from the Bayesian analysis are used in the decision-making process and error probabilities for the Bayesian and the Binomial approaches are compared for a normal population.     

典型山核桃产区土壤重金属空间异质性及其风险评价

山核桃(Carya cathayensis)是我国特有的高档干果和木本油料植物,目前关于山核桃林地土壤重金属污染研究鲜有报道.本研究以典型山核桃产区临安为研究区,系统采集了188个山核桃土壤样品,采用地统计学以及Moran's I等空间分析方法研究土壤重金属的空间异质性,并对山核桃林土壤重金属潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr平均含量分别为0.37、40.76、87.61、30.10、28.33、56.57 mg·kg-1,其中Cd、Cu平均值分别是背景值的1.33和2.87倍.单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数及潜在生态风险评价结果显示研究区土壤重金属均有样点超过土壤背景值,且Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni有部分样点超过土壤环境质量二级标准,表明研究区土壤已具有Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr不同程度的累积特征,局部土壤已受到Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni的污染,其中Cd最为严重,达到了强生态危害程度,Cu次之,总体上重金属呈中等生态危害程度.基于半方差函数分析得出,Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr具有强烈的空间自相关,而Zn属于中等空间相关性.Moran's I指数以及克里格插值结果揭示重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均存在明显的空间分布格局和局部空间聚集现象,高值主要集中在太阳、岛石、清凉峰、河桥以及湍口几个乡镇,且以重金属Cd、Cu污染风险概率较高.土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr高值分布主要与矿区开采有关,而Pb与钾肥的施用密切相关.可见,研究区重金属空间分布特征受人为活动影响明显.     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.     

ECONOMIC FORECASTING FOR VIRGINIA'S WATER RESOURCE PROGRAMS1

ABSTRACT: Water resource and water quality management planning depend, to a large degree, on forecasts of industrial activity and population projections. A flexible economic data base is especially important where planning follows varying formats of geographical and industrial detail. Records of employment and payroll are collected in the administration of Unemployment Insurance (U.I.) programs and are available from State Employment Agencies. These statistics have been collected over a long period of record (thirty-five years). Many years of record are available on punched-cards or magnetic tape and may be arrayed and manipulated by computer. This basic approach has been followed in Virginia. Historical U.I. payroll and employment records for the period 1956 through 1970 were procured on magnetic tape. This data was arrayed by major hydrologic area and by regional planning district. Projections of manufacturing activity were then generated by fitting several exponential equations to annual payroll data in two-digit Standard Industrial Classifications. These exponentials were then extrapolated to provide a range of industrial projections. Other parameters of manufacturing activity were then correlated to the payroll data to generate projections of indexes such as employment, value-added, and gross manufacturing output. U.I. payroll data is now being correlated to parameters in non-manufacturing categories. Projections for industries such as trade and services will link extrapolated payroll data with benchmark correlations of payroll and sales receipts.     

土壤细菌荧光原位杂交对比染色技术的构建

荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)已经成为研究海洋、湖泊及河流沉积物微生物特征的重要手段,但对土壤的应用尚存在局限性。研究以土壤和堆肥为材料,筛选了FISH对比染色荧光剂,并对其染色条件进行了分析。研究结果表明,1/200稀释SYBR Green(ISGI)可用于FISH的对比染色。其染色时间为1 min,封片试剂为无荧光浸镜油。     

模拟气候变化对沈阳城市树木光合固碳能力的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的银杏为试材,使用开顶箱模拟法对倍增CO2浓度（700μmol/mo）l和正常空气CO2浓度（≈350μmol/mo）l条件下,银杏生长参数、叶面积指数、不同天气中净光合速率日变化进行了初步研究,探讨了高浓度CO2对单株银杏光合固碳能力的影响。结果表明：CO2浓度增高可以显著提高银杏枝条的生长量和银杏的叶面积指数。经高浓度CO2处理后,银杏不同天气下光合速率日变化趋势与对照一致,即晴天为双峰曲线,多云天气为单峰曲线,但净光合速率显著高于对照（P〈0.001）。由于净光合速率和叶面积指数升高,高浓度CO2也显著提高了单株银杏的固碳释氧能力（P〈0.01）,晴天比对照提高了119.5%,阴天提高了175.4%。     

森林水源涵养价值核算方法评述与实例研究

针对森林水源涵养价值内涵理解不同,不同方法核算结果差异迥然的现象,总结现有方法深入分析其内涵,并选取5种方法进行实例计算。结果表明:黄土高原区两个小流域方法间核算结果差异显著,其中以纸坊沟为例,综合蓄水能力法、当量法、水量平衡法Ⅰ及降水储存量法Ⅰ所得价值最高可相差1.5×10⁶元,而南方女儿寨小流域同比相差最高为2×10⁵元,且三个流域利用水量平衡法Ⅱ计算所得结果皆出现反常现象。分析表明:降水储存量法Ⅰ与水量平衡法Ⅰ内涵接近,反映实际水源涵养价值;综合蓄水能力法则反映潜在水源涵养价值,在干旱半干旱地区可能出现实际蓄水能力低于理论值,实际价值与潜在价值相差较大的情况;水量平衡法Ⅱ计算公式无法代表其所期望反映的内涵,建议选用土壤蓄水能力法替代。