微波Sol-Gel制备TiO2的研究及其对活性艳红X-3B的降解

采用微波Sol-Gel法在石英表面制备了负载型TiO2光催化剂,通过紫外吸收光谱和X衍射分析表征了TiO2溶胶的变化过程及锐钛型TiO2的生成。以活性艳红X-3B为模拟污染物进行光催化降解,探讨了微波功率、反应温度和反应时间对微波Sol-Gel法制备TiO2光催化活性的影响。由因素试验确定了最佳工艺条件:微波功率400W,反应温度90℃,反应时间2min。在此条件下制备的TiO2催化剂对活性艳红X-3B溶液进行光催化降解,反应30 min的脱色率达93%,TOC去除率为55%。采用中空纤维膜三相液相微萃取-毛细管电泳(HF-LLLME-CE)联用技术对降解生成的小分子有机物进行了测定。     

中国居民生活碳排放的区域差异及影响因素分析

论文在总结划分居民生活碳排放（HCEs）类别的基础上,以中国HCEs量为测度指标,从时间和空间两个角度对1997-2012年人均HCEs进行分析,同时对2012年人均HCEs的空间格局分布及影响因素进行分析。基本结论如下：根据划分方法,HCEs按照碳排放源可分为直接和间接碳排放;按照基本生活需求可分为基本和发展碳排放;按照人类消费行为可分为交通、居住、食品、商品及服务碳排放五大类。从时间尺度来看,中国各类别人均HCEs均呈现逐年上升趋势。从空间差异来看,1997-2012年,我国各省人均HCEs表现出共同的空间分布特征。从空间格局分布来看,2012年中国人均居民生活碳排放呈现从东到西递减的趋势。从空间计量模型角度看,2012年,人均居民生活基本碳排放比重是影响人均HCEs空间差异的主要驱动因子。此外,各地区人均收入和人均GDP的差异也对人均HCEs的空间差异起到正相关作用。基于对中国人均HCEs的时空格局及影响因素分析,为我国制定碳减排举措提供科学依据并提出有效建议。     

土壤-水稻系统重金属空间异质性研究——以浙江省嵊州市为例

在嵊州农产品产地共采集94对土壤-水稻样品,研究重金属在土壤-水稻系统的污染特征及空间异质性.结果表明,土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为0.20、28.64、27.03、38.51和98.74mg/kg,与背景值相比较,这些重金属在研究区均有不同程度的累积,局部污染严重,但是水稻重金属没有超过国家规定的食品安全标准,仍处于安全水平.土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn都属于中等程度变异,其变异系数分别为45.00%、46.65%、81.54%、18.07%、32.47%.地统计学和局部Moran's I指数结果可识别出这五个重金属的污染分布情况.土壤Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn的空间分布较为相似,基本为东西部含量较低,中部较高,这与工业活动和其他的人为活动有关.土壤-水稻系统重金属的迁移、吸收主要受土壤重金属含量和土壤理化性状的影响.从长远来看,重金属污染对当地生态和居民健康仍有潜在的威胁.     

基于Moran’s I指数的京津冀地区PM2.5空间自相关分析

选取2014~2018年京津冀地区环境监测站点PM_2.5浓度观测数据,基于Moran's I指数,分析了该地区PM_2.5浓度的时空变化特征以及空间相关性。研究表明:2014~2018年京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度空间分布差异显著,2014年良、轻度、中度污染面积约占1/3,降至2018年以“良”为主;PM_2.5浓度空间分布北部、西部优于南部、东部地区,山区优于平原地区;PM_2.5浓度年平均值、IQR、Q1、Q3值及标准差均呈下降趋势,达到且接近于“良”以上程度的站点,从2014年2成增长至2018年8成;通过对历年及各月PM_2.5浓度全局Moran's I指数分析,I值(除7月外)均超过0.5,生成的P值均小于显著水平0.01,Z得分均超过了临界值2.58;年、月平均值均呈显著的集聚效应,年值集聚效应呈减弱趋势,月值集聚效应秋、冬季大于春、夏季,空间集聚效应与污染程度呈显著正相关;局部空间自相关历年、各月H-H集聚主要出现在京津冀南部地区,L-L集聚主要出现在北部地区。京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度值分布存在空间异质性,主要影响因素为地理、气候和经济环境。     

Air pollution as a cause of sleeplessness: Social media evidence from a panel of Chinese cities

We provide first evidence of a link from daily air pollution exposure to sleep loss in a panel of Chinese cities. We develop a social media-based, city-level metric for sleeplessness, and bolster causal claims by instrumenting for pollution with plausibly exogenous variations in wind patterns. Estimates of effect sizes are substantial and robust. In our preferred specification a one standard deviation increase in AQI causes an 11.6% increase in sleeplessness, and for PM_2.5 is 12.8%. The results sustain qualitatively under OLS estimation but are attenuated. The analysis provides a previously unaccounted for benefit of more stringent air quality regulation. It also offers a candidate mechanism in support of recent research that links daily air quality to diminished workplace productivity, cognitive performance, school absence, traffic accidents, and other detrimental outcomes.     

Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes

This paper studies the long-term effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on later-life outcomes for Chinese adults. Adults experienced one additional high-temperature day during in utero period, on average, attain 0.02 fewer years of schooling, increase the risk of illiteracy by 0.18%, achieve lower standardized word-test score by 0.48%, and are shorter by 0.02 cm. The impacts are greater in the first and second trimesters. Additionally, we find that income effects represent one important channel to explain the adverse effects of hot weather. Back-of-the-envelope predictions suggest that by the end of the 21st century, a 0.14–0.54 reduction in years of education and a 0.21–0.84 cm reduction in height is likely to result from climate change, ceteris paribus.     

Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA stained with SYBR Green I in Phaeodactylum tricornutum北大核心CSCD

This study aimed to investigate a suitable method to stain the nuclei of Phaeodactylum tricornutum with a flow cytometer equipped with a 488-nm laser to detect the DNA. Exponentially growing cells were fixed using a 70% ethanol, a 1% glutaraldehyde and a 1% formaldehyde solution, respectively. The samples were treated with RNase A and were then stained with propidium iodide. Samples not treated with RNase A were stained with SYBR-green I. All these samples were observed under a fluorescence microscope and the content of the nuclear DNA was quantitated by flow cytometry. Specific fluoresce spots indicate that fluorescence was detected only in the nuclei of cells stained with SYBR-green I and non-RNase A treated, using fluorescence microscopy. The result of flow cytometry showed that the DNA histogram of cells stained with SYBR-green I had distinct G1 and G2/M peaks, with a fit degree (RCS) of about 3, and a coefficient of variation (CV) of around 8.6%. However, the DNA histograms of cells stained with propidium iodide had a higher CV value, a poor fit degree, and no obvious G1 and G2/M peaks. The results indicate that SYBR Green I is an adequate detection method for nuclear DNA quantitation in cells of P. tricornutum using a flow cytometer equipped with a 488-nm laser, and without RNase A treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

Perspectives on community health issues and the mining boom-bust cycle

The health of mining communities is becoming a priority for the mining industry, governments, and researchers. This paper describes an exploratory qualitative study into community health issues and mining activities (associated with the mining boom-bust cycle) from the perspective of health and social service providers in the northern Canadian coal mining community of Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia. Health and social service providers report on increases in pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, and mine related injuries during booming mine activities. During bust times, mental health issues such as depression and anxiety were reported. Overarching community health issues prominent during both boom and bust periods include burdens to health and social services, family stress, violence towards women, and addiction issues. This paper concludes by providing recommendations as to how the industry can enhance community health made by this important stakeholder group.     

The forgotten resource curse: South Africa's poor experience with mineral extraction

Studies of the resource curse as it affects African states abound, yet few deal specifically with the experiences of South Africa. The inability of countries to convert natural resource wealth into income and improved development measures remains highly pertinent and is especially apparent in Africa's largest economy. This paper takes a unique approach to study the resource curse by comparing South Africa's political economy with the existing resource curse literature. Using data from international organisations, studies of poverty and qualitative evidence this paper examines South Africa's experience with mineral extraction. It is found that South Africa has experienced many of the symptoms outlined in the resource curse literature including relatively slow GDP growth, gross inequalities, entrenched poverty and the creation of a rentier state. Overall, it is concluded that South Africa has failed to benefit from natural resource wealth and can be classified as a resource cursed state. Not only has mineral wealth failed to benefit much of South Africa's population, sections of society have actually been harmed through the process of mineral extraction. This paper is the first to examine South Africa in light of the current resource curse literature and to conclude that the state far more closely resembles its sub-Saharan African neighbours than its upper-middle income peers.