碳钢在高温高盐矿井水中腐蚀与缓蚀性能的试验研究

为了解决高温高盐矿井水对碳钢管道和设备腐蚀问题,进行了缓蚀挂片试验,研究适应该类水质的缓蚀剂种类和最佳投加量。试验结果表明：软化剂氢氧化钙和碳酸钠对碳钢均有一定缓蚀效果．其平均缓蚀率分别为17．33％、57．46％。因此药剂软化过程同时达到防腐效果有限：单独投加缓蚀剂HEDP的缓蚀效果明显,其静态缓蚀率82．46％以上,动态缓蚀率76．45％：复合配方缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果最好,最佳配方为“有机膦酸一聚环氧琥珀酸一锌盐”或“有机膦酸一磺酸基团多元共聚物一锌盐”,在投加量80mg／L时动态缓蚀率接近90％。     

对硝基苯胺耐盐降解菌S8的筛选及特性研究

从江苏农药厂活性污泥中筛选出1株能以对硝基苯胺为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的耐盐降解菌S8.通过对其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,确定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).研究表明,该菌株具有较强的对硝基苯胺降解能力.当温度31℃和pH 6.0时,S8在72 h内对60 mg·L-1和120 mg·L-1对硝基苯胺的降解率分别为65.6%和55.8%.在高盐条件下,S8仍有较强的降解能力,当盐含量为7%时,对硝基苯胺降解率为49.5%(72 h);当盐含量为10%时,对硝基苯胺降解率为27.4%(72 h).利用LC-MS法分析降解产物时,共发现6种分子量不同的化合物,其中两种为苯酚及对苯二酚.此为首次关于对硝基苯胺耐盐菌株的研究报道,菌株S8可用于含有对硝基苯胺的高盐工业废水的微生物修复.     

活性污泥的耐盐驯化培养

以某污水处理厂二沉池好氧污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度和稳定盐度2种方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化培养,考察驯化结果表明,前一种方法更有利于耐盐菌的培养。对比不同盐度情况下各项指标的去除效果得出:本实验污泥适宜盐度为1%。使用稳定进水盐度的方法,出水指标及各指标的去除率均低于逐步提高盐度法,且镜检结果表明大量微生物死亡。     

NaCl改性沸石去除水中低浓度铅的研究

实验研究了NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果,比较了沸石改性前后对铅的静态平衡吸附量变化,着重考察了吸附时间、pH值、竞争离子以及有机物对去除铅效果的影响。结果表明:NaCl改性沸石吸附铅速度快,对铅有很好的去除效果,平衡吸附量由改性前的28.57mg/g提高到了32.26mg/g。pH值对NaCl改性沸石去除水中铅的效果有较大影响,在pH=6～7时,去除效果最佳。水中竞争阳离子和有机物的存在,在一定程度上会降低铅的去除效果;随干扰物质浓度的升高,NaCl改性沸石对铅去除率出现了明显的下降,但当干扰物质和水样中铅浓度相当时,NaCl改性沸石可对铅保持很高的去除率。     

IDENTIFICATION OF SOLUTE LOADING SOURCES TO A SURFACE STREAM1

ABSTRACT: A study was performed to identify sources of solute loading to the Dirty Devil River and its major tributaries, in southeastern Utah. A primary goal was to determine the contribution of gypsum dissolution to total dissolved solids concentration, and its potential increase in the future if salinity control measures are instituted. Synoptic field data were collected during the low flow period in October 1983. Data were analyzed using the geochemistry models WATEQF and BALANCE to postulate mineral reactions leading to solute loading. Three known sources of solute loading, involving two different geochemical mechanisms, were clearly discernable. Two additional areas of possible gypsum dissolution were located.     

O&M SPENDING LEVELS IN THIRD WORLD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES1

ABSTRACT: Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m³ of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics.     

INVESTIGATION OF TURBIDITY MAXIMUM IN A MESOTIDAL ESTUARY,TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: To comprehend the distributions of salinity, temperature, and suspended sediment in the Danshuei River estuary in Taiwan, monthly field surveys were conducted in 2003. These included several high and low slackwater surveys and intensive surveys. The results show that the Danshuei River estuary is predominately a partially mixed estuary. The highest concentration of suspended sediment is typically observed at the Chung‐Hsin Bridge, the most upstream sampling station. The suspended sediment concentration exhibits a general decreasing trend in the downstream direction. It may be concluded that the sediments mostly come from the upstream reach. A locally high concentration of suspended sediment is found at the Kuan‐Du station because of the local deep channel bathymetry and two‐layered estuarine circulation. A vertical two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model is applied to investigate the tidally averaged salinity distribution, residual circulation, and suspended sediment concentration. The modeling results reveal that, under the Q₇₅ flow condition (i.e., low flow), a turbidity maximum occurs at the Kuan‐Du station due to the strong estuarine circulation. The model simulation with a much higher river flow condition results in a weaker residual circulation and weaker turbidity maximum.     

SOIL SALINITY PREDICTION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

ABSTRACT: This study explores the applicability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for predicting salt build‐up in the crop root zone. ANN models were developed with salinity data from field lysimeters subirrigated with brackish water. Different ANN architectures were explored by varying the number of processing elements (PEs) (from 1 to 30) for replicate data from a 0.4 m water table, 0.8 m water table, and both 0.4 and 0.8 m water table lysimeters. Different ANN models were developed by using individual replicate treatment values as well as the mean value for each treatment. For replicate data, the models with twenty, seven, and six PEs were found to be the best for the water tables at 0.4 m, 0.8 m and both water tables combined, respectively. The correlation coefficients between observed salinity and ANN predicted salinity of the test data with these models were 0.89, 0.91, and 0.89, respectively. The performance of the ANNs developed using mean salinity values of the replicates was found to be similar to those with replicate data. Not only was there agreement between observed and ANN predicted salinity values, the results clearly indicated the potential use of ANN models for predicting salt build‐up in soil profile at a specific site.     

TIDE GATE INFLUENCES ON A TIDAL MARSH1

ABSTRACT: Construction of a tide gate at the mouth of the north channel of the Savannah River in Georgia has resulted in significant changes in salinities influencing marsh community changes. The tide gate is directly responsible for a 2 to 6 mile upstream displacement of salt water in the river. In the marsh, soil salinities ranged from 0.0 ppt at upstream sites to 12 ppt at downstream sites when the tide gate was in operation. Within two months of taking the tide gate out of operation, interstitial salinities at the downstream sites dropped to 4 ppt. Influences of the tide gate on marsh vegetation were modeled in a geographic information system. With the tide gate out of operation, the model predicts that freshwater marsh would increase in area by 340 percent.     

Land Evaluation in a Salt-Affected Irrigated District Using an Index of Productive Potential

2 semiarid irrigated area with salt-affected soils. The available soil map is at 1:100,000 scale and its mapping units are used for the land evaluation with the FAO framework. These data are then elaborated using the index value method. This procedure gives a map of land evaluation units and a table that rates the productive potential of these units for six crops: alfalfa, barley, maize, rice, sunflower, and wheat.