末次盛冰期南京长江四桥附近长江古流量估算

利用南京长江四桥的39个地质工程钻孔资料及其它现有资料,已知长江四桥附近约-65～-90m的深槽为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽。根据古河槽断面、形态参数、底部沉积物颗粒级配等,运用河相关系法、泥沙粒径水力学法、地貌水力学法,计算了末次盛冰期时的断面面积、断面平均流速。计算得到末次盛冰期南京长江四桥附近长江古流量约为22000～27000m3/s。初步根据宽深比、悬移质含量、弯曲率等参数值判断末次盛冰期长江四桥附近长江古河型为曲流。     

青藏铁路羊八井一号隧道空气污染数值模拟

内燃机车排放的大气污染物是铁路隧道空气污染的主要来源,其污染特性受到排放源强、隧道内风速、扩散系数、初始浓度、边界浓度等诸多因素的影响。文章根据大气扩散方程建立了描述铁路隧道内空气污染物浓度分布的数学模式,提出了用有限体积法求解铁路隧道内空气质量方程的方法,并对影响隧道内空气污染物浓度分布的因数进行了灵敏度分析。结果显示内燃机车污染物排放源强和隧道内风速是影响铁路隧道内空气污染物浓度分布的关键因素,初始浓度和边界浓度的影响也较为显著,扩散系数的影响很小,在有风的情况下可以忽略。将模式应用于青藏铁路羊八井一号隧道内NOX污染规律的数值分析,模拟表明隧道内NOX浓度最大值出现在机车车头所在的位置,最大浓度为15.02 mg/m3。     

The Impact of “No Impact Man”: Alternative Hedonism as Environmental Appeal

As “No Impact Man,” writer Colin Beavan conducted a one-year experiment to determine whether he and his family could reduce their environmental impact to zero while living and working in Manhattan. This article examines the No Impact Man (NIM) experiment both as “alternative hedonism,” a reconceptualization of the “good life” that avoids unduly damaging the natural world, and also as a kind of “eco-stunt,” an attempt to garner significant media coverage about positive environmental behaviors. We use DeLuca's theorization of the “image event” to analyze the No Impact Man franchise—blog, book, and documentary film—though we modify that theory in order to explore how No Impact Man functions as multi-media and new-media spectacle. In particular, we explore the risky double-bind Beavan finds himself in when, through his choice to publicize the NIM eco-stunt, he is critiqued for opportunism, foolishness, and insincerity. We suggest that efforts to publicize eco-stunts, however well conceived, invariably invite backlash. As a result, we find that alternative hedonism theory and practice open a space of invitation to environmentally beneficial behaviors and attitudes that could have potential with some audiences, but their mass appeal is compromised by the limitations of the stunts that publicize them.     

No Net Loss of Fish Habitat: A Review and Analysis of Habitat Compensation in Canada

The achievement of No Net Loss (NNL) through habitat compensation has rarely been assessed in Canada. Files relating to 124 Fisheries Act Section 35(2) authorizations issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada for the harmful alteration, disruption, and destruction of fish habitat (HADD) were collected and reviewed. Data extracted from these files were pooled and analyzed to provide an indication of the types of HADDs that have been authorized in Canada, what habitats have been affected, and what habitat management approaches have been used when compensating for HADDs and monitoring and ensuring the success of the compensation. Determinations regarding the effectiveness of habitat compensation in achieving NNL were made. Impacts to 419,562 m² of fish habitat from the 124 authorized HADDs were offset by 1,020,388 m² of compensatory habitat. Eighty percent of the authorizations had compensation ratios (compensation area:HADD area) of 2:1 or less, and 25% of the authorizations had a compensation ratio that was less than 1:1. In-channel and riparian habitat were the most frequently impacted habitats. Urban development and roads and highways resulted in the greatest areal loss of habitat. The compensation option that was most often selected was the creation of in-kind habitat. The mean duration of post-construction monitoring programs was 3.7 years. Determinations of NNL could only be made for 17 authorizations as a result of poor proponent compliance with monitoring requirements and the qualitative assessment procedures used by the monitoring programs. Adequate resources, proper training, and standardized approaches to data management and monitoring programs are required to ensure that the conservation goal of NNL can be achieved in Canada.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌45号固定化细胞脱除酸性红B的研究

研究并比较了蜡状芽孢杆菌45号自然细胞和固定化细胞的某些性质。结果表明,该菌株的两种细胞脱色反应的最适温度均为37℃,热稳定性良好。在50ppm的酸性红B溶液中经37℃保温处理后,两种细胞的脱色酶活性有明显提高。其脱色反应的最适pH值分别为7—10和5—10。固定化细胞在4—6℃的冰箱中保存52天,脱色酶的活性不变。应用固定化细胞连续处理酸性红B溶液,当进水浓度为42.1ppm时,出水平均脱色率可达87％。     

Pushing,pulling and manoeuvring an industrial cart: a psychophysiological study

One of the most frequent manual occupational tasks involves the pushing and pulling of a cart. Although several studies have associated health risks with pushing and pulling, the effects are not clear since occupational tasks have social, cognitive and physical components. The present work investigates a real case of a pushing and pulling occupational task from a manufacturing company. The study initially characterizes the case in accordance with Standard No. ISO 11228-2:2007 as low risk. An experiment with 14 individuals during three modalities of pushing and pulling was performed in order to further investigate the task with the application of electrophysiology. At the end, a simple questionnaire was given. The results show electrophysiological differences among the three modalities of pushing and pulling, with a major difference between action with no load and fully loaded with a full range of motions on the cart to handle.     

Simultaneous removal and oxidation of arsenic from water by δ-MnO2 modified activated carbon

The ubiquitous arsenic in groundwater poses a great risk to human health due to its environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present work, a new adsorbent, δ-MnO₂ modified activated carbon, was prepared, and its performance for the uptake of arsenate and arsenite species from aqueous solutions was investigated by batch experiments. Various techniques, including FESEM-EDX, p-XRD, XPS and BET surface area analysis, were employed to characterize the properties of the adsorbent and the arsenic adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that δ-MnO₂ covered on the surface and padded in the pores of the activated carbon. Adsorption kinetic studies revealed that approximately 90.1% and 76.8% of As(III) and As(V), respectively, were removed by the adsorbent in the first 9 hr, and adsorption achieved equilibrium within 48 hr. The maximum adsorption capacities of As(V) and As(III) at pH 4.0 calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherms were 13.30 and 12.56 mg/g, respectively. The effect of pH on As(V) and As(III) removal was similar, and the removal efficiency significantly reduced with the increase of solution pH. Arsenite oxidation and adsorption kinetics showed that the As(V) concentration in solution due to As(III) oxidation and reductive dissolution of MnO₂ increased rapidly during the first 12 min, and then gradually decreased. Based on the XPS analysis, nearly 93.3% of As(III) had been oxidized to As(V) on the adsorbent surface and around 38.9% of Mn(IV) had been reduced to Mn(II) after As(III) adsorption. This approach provides a possible method for the purification of arsenic-contaminated groundwater.     

Estimation of no effect concentrations from exposure experiments when values scatter among individuals

The parameters that are most commonly used in risk assessment, LC_x values or no observed effect concentrations, both have serious drawbacks. As an alternative, No effect concentrations (NEC) as a parameter in a process-based model, offer great potential in risk assessment.     

"无废城市"建设的结构模式与主要思路

从"无废城市"建设的现实约束与政策背景出发,结合国际社会在"无废城市"建设过程中已经积累的经验与方案,探析中国"无废城市"建设的必要性和可行性。在对"无废城市"基本定义与关键环节把握的前提下,基于协同联动与系统集成原则对"无废城市"建设的基本结构与运作模式进行模型建构,并重点阐释了基于废弃物减量化原则创新设计"无废城市"产业与能源布局、基于废弃物资源化原则建构"无废城市"废弃物智能管理系统、基于简约适度绿色生活理念建立"无废城市"创新治理模式等主要建设思路。     

ASM No.2d模型模拟SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷效能

SBR工艺由于处理上的高效性和操作上的灵活性在世界范围的污水处理领域得到广泛应用.采用国际水质协会1999年提出的ASM No.2d模型,利用matlab作为程序开发工具编制计算模型,并利用该模型对一实验室规模SBR系统进行模拟.模拟过程中动力学和化学计量参数采用ASM No.2d给出的典型参数值,并结合实际SBR系统进行了修正.结果表明,该模型能够较好模拟SBR工艺同步脱氮除磷效能,说明应用ASM No.2d进行SBR系统的模拟能够对SBR系统的优化和控制起辅助作用.