Assessing the Effectiveness of a Constructed Arctic Stream Using Multiple Biological Attributes

Objective assessment of habitat compensation is a central yet challenging issue for restoration ecologists. In 1997, a 3.4-km stream channel, designed to divert water around an open pit diamond mine, was excavated in the Barrenlands region of the Canadian Arctic to create productive stream habitat. We evaluated the initial success of this compensation program by comparing multiple biological attributes of the constructed stream during its first three years to those of natural reference streams in the area. The riparian zone of the constructed stream was largely devoid of vegetation throughout the period, in contrast to the densely vegetated zones of reference streams. The constructed stream also contained lower amounts of woody debris, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), and epilithon; had lower coverage by macrophytes and bryophytes; and processed leaf litter at a lower rate than reference streams. Species richness and densities of macroinvertebrates were consistently lower in the constructed stream compared to natural streams. This contributed to differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure throughout the period, although assemblages showed some convergence by year 3. The effectiveness of the constructed stream to emulate natural streams varied somewhat depending on the biological attribute being evaluated. Assessments based on individual attributes showed that minimal to moderate levels of similarity between the constructed stream and natural streams were achieved. A collective assessment of all biological and ecosystem attributes suggested that the constructed stream was not a good surrogate for natural streams during these first years. Additional time would be required before many characteristics of the constructed stream would resemble those of reference streams. Because initial efforts to improve fish habitat in the constructed stream focused on physical structures (e.g., weirs, vanes, rock, groins), ecological factors limiting fish growth were not considered and likely constrained success. We suggest that a greater focus on organic characteristics and vegetation within the stream and its riparian zone could have accelerated compensation. The addition of woody debris and CPOM, combined with planting of shrubs and herbs along the stream, should provide a source of allochthonous matter for the biotic community while large cobble and boulders should improve the physical stability of stream system, protecting its organic components.     

Effectiveness of Fish Habitat Compensation in Canada in Achieving No Net Loss

Fish habitat loss has been prevalent over the last century in Canada. To prevent further erosion of the resource base and ensure sustainable development, Fisheries and Oceans Canada enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act in 1976. In 1986, this was articulated by a policy that a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat” (HADD) cannot occur unless authorised with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. Despite Canada’s progressive conservation policies, the effectiveness of compensation habitat in replicating ecosystem function has never been tested on a national scale. The effectiveness of habitat compensation projects in achieving no net loss of habitat productivity (NNL) was evaluated at 16 sites across Canada. Periphyton biomass, invertebrate density, fish biomass, and riparian vegetation density were used as indicators of habitat productivity. Approximately 63% of projects resulted in net losses in habitat productivity. These projects were characterised by mean compensation ratios (area gain:area loss) of 0.7:1. Twenty-five percent of projects achieved NNL and 12% of projects achieved a net gain in habitat productivity. These projects were characterised by mean ratios of 1.1:1 and 4.8:1, respectively. We demonstrated that artificially increasing ratios to 2:1 was not sufficient to achieve NNL for all projects. The ability to replicate ecosystem function is clearly limited. Improvements in both compensation science and institutional approaches are recommended to achieve Canada’s conservation goal.     

托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川径流水化学特征初步研究

利用2008年8月采集的样品,分析了托木尔峰青冰滩72号冰川径流水化学特征.结果表明,72号冰川水化学类型为HCO3--Ca2+型,其离子浓度顺序为:HCO3->SO24->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>NO3->Mg2+>K+>NH4+.主要离子浓度的变化趋势基本相同,影响河水离子浓度变化的原因主要是冰川表碛覆盖区和冰川侧脊区受到降水等引起的水岩相互作用使可溶性离子融入径流,而温度条件也是影响河流离子浓度的重要因素.此外,流量和离子浓度呈负相关关系.河水中离子的来源为3种类型,第一类为局地源的离子,包括Cl-、Na+、K+、Mg2+、HCO3-和SO24-;第二类为来源比较特殊,基本不受其它离子影响的NO3-;第三类为来源多样的Ca2+.岩石及土壤风化作用是控制河水离子变化的主要因素.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川积雪内不溶粉尘特征：沙尘与非沙尘活动季节的比较

2005年春夏 (4～8月)期间,对位于中亚粉尘活动源区的天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川积雪中沉积的大气粉尘微粒的数量浓度及其季节粒径分布特征等进行了观测研究.结果表明,表层雪中不溶粉尘数量浓度在沙尘活动的4～6月份非常高 (最大439×10³个/mL),可能是由于亚洲春季发生的沙尘暴事件影响造成的;将4～8月积雪表面不溶粉尘粒径分布进行了比较,粉尘微粒质量粒径分布表现出分布模式由沙尘活动前的单一模式 (3～21 μm),到沙尘活动期间的双峰分布模式 (3～21 μm和20～80 μm组成),再到非沙尘季节的单一模式 (3～21 μm)的变化规律;粉尘化学离子组成,尤其是主要代表矿物颗粒的Ca²⁺,在4～6月份浓度很高 (最大7?095 μg/L),另一方面,NH+4和SO2-4等作为可溶部分浓度变化存在差异.同时,用后向气团轨迹分析法验证了该区大气粉尘的传输路径,发现沙尘与非沙尘季节大气粉尘来源不同：分别来源于西北和西南方向,这对大气粉尘的传输和沉降造成很大影响.     

基于面向对象的北京市区城市内部用地信息提取

选取北京市四环以内为研究区域,以资源三号卫星遥感影像为数据源,针对类型多样、特征易混淆的城市内部用地以及高分辨率遥感影像海量信息、人工提取费时费力等特点,论文基于面向对象分类方法,探讨城市内部用地自动提取方法,并对分类结果进行精度评估.结果表明:利用不同地物的光谱、形状、纹理和空间关系等特征,通过多尺度分割和隶属度函数法,构建合理的分类层次,不仅精确提取出研究区内水体、绿地、建设用地和待开发用地,更独具创新地区分了城市建设用地内部各种地物类型,包括工业生产用地、低密度和高密度生活用地以及交通用地.该方法有效地利用了资源3 号卫星影像的光谱、纹理及空间信息特征,总体精度可达到87.00%,Kappa系数达到0.853 9,取得较好的分类效果.     

聊古一井数字化氡影响因素分析

对聊古一井数字化氡观测资料进行分析研究的结果显示,科学合理的气水分离装置对于获得真实可靠的观测结果具有重要作用;保障仪器的正常工作状态,是数字化氡观测的重要环节之一。聊古一井数字化氡的变化特征主要受气温、气压和井压的影响,分析和排除这些因素的影响是数字化观测资料分析应用的基础。     

镰刀菌12号固定化细胞降解氰的研究

在镰刀菌12号的培养基中添加氰化物作诱导剂,可显著地提高酶活力,经海藻酸钙固定后相对活性为89.66%。 比较了自然细胞与固定化细胞的某些性质,两种细胞反应的最适温度分别为25—30℃和35—45℃。反应最适pH值为8.0—9.0。固定化细胞较自然细胞热稳定性明显增加。 固定化细胞柱连续处理浓度为500ppm和1000ppmCN-,流速分别为30ml/h和15ml/h,当进水CN-500ppm,连续运转90h,出水CN-<10ppm。     

竹园污水厂闭式双泥龄工艺活性污泥数学模型的参数研究

竹园第二污水厂采用一种闭式双泥龄新型工艺。以活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)为基础,测定污水厂的进水水质特性参数、异养菌产率系数(YH)和异养菌衰减系数(bH),为后续工艺模型的建立和校正提供基础数据。结果表明:竹园第二污水厂进水易生物降解有机物(Ss)、慢速生物降解有机物(Xs)、溶解态惰性有机物(SI)、异养菌(XBH)、颗粒态惰性有机物(XI)占总COD的平均比值分别为20.0%、32.1%、17.4%、9.6%、20.9%。进水氨氮(SNH)、溶解态可生物降解有机氮(SND)、颗粒态可生物降解有机氮(XND)占TN的平均比值分别为71.5%、10.0%、18.5%。闭式双泥龄工艺平行组合中的传统活性污泥池和A/O池分支的异养菌产率系数(YH)分别为0.68和0.78,异养菌衰减系数(bH)分别为0.501 d-1和0.621 d-1。     

燃料油和原油乳化液在缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）体内的富集动力学研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型在室内模拟了缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)对燃料油(0#柴油)和东海平湖原油乳化液的生物富集实验,通过对富集与释放过程中缢蛏体内石油烃的动态检测以及对检测结果的非线性曲线拟合,获得缢蛏对0#柴油、原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1、释放速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、平衡状态下缢蛏体内石油烃含量C Amax、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数.拟合结果得到的各动力学参数平均值分别为:缢蛏对0#柴油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1为10.67、k2为0.0795、BCF为122.56、C Amax为129.07 mg·kg-1、B1/2为9.61 d;缢蛏对原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1为7.79、k2为0.0948、BCF为89.38、C Amax为110.68 mg·kg-1、B1/2为7.88 d.缢蛏对0#柴油、原油乳化液的吸收速率常数k1、BCF均随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而减少,对0#柴油、原油乳化液的释放速率常数k2与外部水体中石油烃浓度无明显相关性,C Amax随外部水体中石油烃浓度的增大而增大.对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,模型的拟合优度良好.0#柴油在缢蛏体内的富集量高于原油乳化液、释放量低于原油乳化液,其原因与不同种类石油的烃类组分有关.     

Chemical contamination and the ecological quality of surface water

In the assessment of the quality of surface waters, the typical procedure is that the concentration of contaminants in the surface water is monitored and subsequently compared with their respective Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs). If the MPCs are not exceeded the water quality is considered to be safe. But can we be certain that this is true?We compared MPCs to observed and calculated effects of measured contaminants in Dutch surface waters and showed that effects of mixtures can cause a daphnid population to go extinct within 30 h of exposure even when MPCs are not exceeded. We conclude that there are shortcomings underlying the concepts of the MPCs. And that the MPCs aim to protect 95% of all species is not met.