活性炭吸附水中铅离子的动态研究

本文采用两种煤质活性炭，研究了其对不同浓度二价铅离子溶液的吸附，应用固定床吸附动力学模型，Ｍａｒｑａｄｔ方法非线性回归固定床吸附流出曲线，获得了铅离子在活性炭上的扩散传质系数。结果发现，孔扩散系数Ｄｐ强裂地依赖于铅离子入口浓度，随着入口浓度的升高，孔扩散系数变小，随后用上述扩攻系数理论预测了其它操作条件下的流出曲线，结果表明实验曲线与理论预测曲线能很好地相符，动态法能可靠地获取固吸附过程的吸附及扩     

2种水稻土中Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸动力学

用一次平衡法研究了2种水稻土表面吸附态Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸动力学行为及柠檬酸和酒石酸对2种重金属离子解吸的影响。结果表明,虽然2种土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量比Cu(Ⅱ)高得多,但无论在单一重金属体系还是Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)共存体系中,Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸量均大于Pb(Ⅱ),湖州水稻土Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸量大于嘉兴水稻土,说明土壤对重金属离子的吸附亲和力越大,吸附的重金属离子越不易解吸。用E lovich方程拟合动力学数据可以获得比较满意的结果。解吸速率与时间的关系曲线表明,Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸速率随时间的增加迅速减小。Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸速率大于Pb(Ⅱ),柠檬酸和酒石酸不仅使重金属的解吸量增加,而且使Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸速率大大提高。2种有机酸对Cu(Ⅱ)解吸的促进作用大于Pb(Ⅱ),柠檬酸的促进作用大于酒石酸。     

不同改良剂对重金属污染农田水稻产量和重金属吸收的影响

探讨了石灰、过磷酸钙和有机物等改良剂的应用对水稻(oryzasativa)产量和重金属吸收的影响。实验共四种处理:T1,对照;T2,石灰(0.25kg·m-2);T3,石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2);T4,石灰 过磷酸钙 有机物(0.90kg·m-2)。叶面喷施的处理方法研究不多,因此结合在水稻的孕穗期喷施KH2PO4(0.3%)溶液研究喷施途径的处理效果。结果显示,T3处理即石灰 过磷酸钙(0.40kg·m-2),对于降低水稻体内的重金属含量效果最好,与对照相比,米中的Pb、Zn和Cd分别下降了61.8%、14.1%和45.1%,同时也使水稻茎叶中的Pb和Zn分别比对照下降8.1%和4.3%。另外,在水稻的叶面喷施KH2PO4溶液将水稻的产量从0.61kg·m-2提高到0.68kg·m-2,并且这种喷施措施也能有效地降低水稻中的重金属含量。     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

车用汽油铅损害及其对策研究

针对车用汽油的抗爆性能要求,探讨四乙基铅（Ｐｂ（Ｃ２Ｈ５）４）抗爆添加剂的作用机理,并着重分析研究了由此而引起的发动机铅排放对人类造成的损害及给大气环境等带来的污染。还探讨了车用汽油铅损害的对策及其最新进展     

不同重金属在烤烟中的累积分配特征研究

研究了重金属Hg、As、Pb在烤烟中的累积分布。结果表明:烤烟对Hg、As、Pb的耐受力较强;Hg抑制K326根系的生长,Pb、As对K326的生长有一定的促进作用。随着重金属浓度的增加,各部位重金属含量和烟株累积总量多呈增加趋势。在不同的处理下,3种重金属的含量在根系中最高;在相同的处理下,重金属在烟叶各部位的含量按大小顺序均为下部叶>中部叶>上部叶。随着处理浓度的增加,分配在根系中的重金属元素的比例不断增加,而在叶片中的分配比例不断降低;按重金属元素在叶片中的分配比例排序为Hg>As>Pb。     

重金属Zn、Pb和Cd对可口革囊星虫的急性毒性作用

研究了必需元素Zn及非必需元素Pb、Cd对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenda)的急性毒性作用,得到Zn2 的48 h LC50和96 h LC50分别为61.09、10.91 mg/L;pb2 的48 h LC50和96 h LC50分别为29.44、10.59 mg/L;Cd2 的48 h LC50和96hLC50分别为10.69、4.46mg/L.估算得到Zn、Pb和Cd对可口革囊星虫的安全浓度分别为0.55、0.53和0.22mg/L.     

L-半胱氨酸改性甲壳素处理含铅、镉工业废水

研究了L 半胱氨酸改性甲壳素作为吸附剂对Pb2 + 、Cd2 + 的动态吸附性能 ,同时考察了流速、溶液中离子的含量、吸附剂的相对用量等因素对吸附效果的影响 ,以及洗脱液的种类和酸度、洗脱速度、洗脱液体积等因素对解吸率的影响。结果表明 ,用该吸附剂填装的吸附柱对含Pb2 + 、Cd2 + 工业废水直接进行处理 ,处理后的水达到了排放标准。     

Atmospheric lead deposition to Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia, USA

Contamination of the environment from atmospheric deposition during the twentieth century is pervasive even in areas ostensibly considered pristine or remote from point sources. In this study, Pb concentrations in a 210Pb-dated peat core collected from the Okefenokee Swamp, GA were used to assess historical contaminant input via atmospheric deposition. Lead isotope ratios were determined by dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS (DRC-ICP-MS). Increases in Pb concentration occurred in the late nineteenth century and a marked rise in Pb concentrations pre-dated the widespread use of leaded gasoline within the US. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of 1.19 during this period were consistent with coal combustion emissions. A later increase in Pb concentration, concurrent with a trend toward more radiogenic 206Pb/207Pb ratios in gasoline is consistent with an increased input of Pb from leaded gasoline emissions. However, it appears that coal combustion emissions remain a major source of Pb to the Okefenokee.     

两株重金属抗性细菌对铅镉吸附特性的比较研究

针对目前重金属水污染现状,为探究微生物法修复重金属水污染机制,本试验以抗重金属革兰氏阴性菌Rhizobium sp.W33与革兰氏阳性菌Bacillus sp.H3为供试菌株,对不同重金属(Pb、Cd)浓度及pH条件下的菌株生长状况进行测定;比较不同状态细胞(Growing、Grown、Dead)的吸附能力;利用FTIR初步分析吸附相关官能团.结果表明:两株菌对Pb抗性较强,对Cd抗性相对较弱,最适生长pH均在6~7范围内;不同状态细胞的吸附能力大小为:GrownDeadGrowing;随着重金属浓度的升高,Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3的吸附容量逐渐增大,且对铅镉的吸附主要以胞外吸附为主,对铅有一定的胞内积累能力;FTIR分析显示菌株吸附过程中主要是—OH、—NH、—CO、—CH2官能团在生物吸附过程中发挥作用.Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3表面官能团特性及整体吸附能力存在明显差异.