干旱区气候条件对道路灰尘及土壤 Pd、Rh累积的影响

以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,选取河滩路、友好南路、温泉西路、乌奎高速公路及七道湾路等5条典型道路,对道路灰尘与土壤中Pd、Rh季节变化特征进行研究.结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬的灰尘中Pd含量分别为74.61(31.59~126.3),134.26(54.59~332.51),100.49(20.935~244.9), 83.43(47.97~125.40)ng/g;灰尘中Rh含量分别为8.41(4.56~14.63),18.48(11.62~31.56),10.27(3.83~19.1),9.20(5.34~16.68)ng/g;土壤中Pd含量分别为44.42(13.59~109.40),30.47(13.24~70.87),30.01(21.55~49.19),26.28(14.85~44.83)ng/g;土壤Rh含量分别为8.47(5.93~13.40), 8.11(4.65~ 13.45),3.81(1.67~8.02),3.22(2.56~4.26)ng/g. Pd、Rh含量均表现出明显的季节变化,其中,灰尘中Pd、Rh含量在夏秋季高,冬春季低;土壤中Pd、Rh含量在春夏季高,冬季最低,秋季为中间水平,地域气候条件是PGEs季节变化的主要影响因素.冬、春季节的降雪、扫雪及积雪堆积习惯使乌鲁木齐道路环境中灰尘与土壤的季节变化并没有完全相同. 湿润区与干旱区城市PGEs的季节变化明显不同,两类地区的气候特征不同是造成这种差异存在的根本原因.     

Pd/CeO2催化水中溴酸盐的加氢还原研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了CeO2载体,以浸渍法和沉积沉淀法制备了负载型催化剂Pd/CeO2.使用透射电镜(TEM)和Zeta电位仪对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明两种材料的等电点都在5.0左右; Pd颗粒在载体表面具有良好的分散性,且Pd负载量越高,Pd颗粒的粒径越大.采用Pd/CeO2催化剂催化溴酸盐加氢还原,发现在溴酸盐初始浓度为0.39mmol/L时,采用沉积沉淀法和浸渍法合成的Pd/CeO2催化剂反应50min后对溴酸盐的去除率分别为100%和71%,表明使用沉积沉淀法合成的催化剂具有较高的催化活性.改变催化剂用量,溴酸盐的催化还原速率不受传质阻力的影响,反应过程符合Langmuir–Hinshelwood模型,即催化还原反应由溴酸盐在催化剂表面的吸附控制.增加Pd的负载量,溴酸盐的还原速率增大.溶液pH值较低时,有利于对溴酸盐的催化还原.     

纳米铂微粒电极催化氧化有机污染物的研究

采用电化学阴极还原-阳极氧化方法制备了纳米铂微粒电极.电极表面的微观结构表征表明,铂微粒在三维网状的氧化钛膜孔道中呈均匀、高度分散状态,且粒径细小,铂微粒充分裸露,使得纳米铂微粒电极活性点多,电催化性能高.采用循环伏安法研究了铂微粒电极对有机小分子代表性物质甲醇的电催化氧化行为.结果表明,在酸性、中性和碱性介质中纳米铂微粒电极对甲醇的电催化氧化性能均明显优于光滑铂片电极,甲醇在纳米铂微粒电极上产生的氧化电流密度比光滑铂片电极高100倍以上.2种铂电极催化氧化降解甲醇、苯酚和甲基橙3种有机物时,纳米铂微粒电极的平均氧化电流效率是光滑铂片电极的数倍,这进一步表明纳米铂微粒电极对有机污染物具有良好的催化氧化降解能力.     

ZnO纳米粒子抑制体外小鼠光感受器细胞MnSOD的表达及活性

随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在生物医药以及化工中已得到广泛应用。作为一类新型材料,其安全性也日益受到人们的高度关注。为探索氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞的毒性作用,本文通过MTT、荧光染色、流式细胞术、实时荧光定量PCR和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)等技术,分别对经不同浓度ZnO纳米粒子处理的小鼠光感受器细胞活性、活性氧水平、锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)的基因和蛋白表达及活性进行了检测。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可通过诱导细胞线粒体产生过多的活性氧,降低线粒体膜电位,导致小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞损伤;ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少Mn SOD在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达,降低Mn SOD活性,加剧氧化应激介导的细胞损伤。因此,氧化应激水平的提高导致了过量的活性氧产生及Mn SOD表达和活性的下降,与ZnO纳米粒子引起的细胞毒性作用有关。     

Distribution of Platinum group elements in road dust in Beijing metropolitan area, China

Dust samples collected from the Beijing metropolitan area (China) were evaluated to determine the distribution and the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs). The dust particles that were smaller than 100 mesh size fraction (150 μm) were analyzed after aqua regia digestion. Concentrations[RL2] of Pt, Rh, and Pd were found to be between 3.96 and 356.3 ng/g, 2.76 and 97.11 ng/g, and 0.1 and 124.9 ng/g, respectively, in the urban areas of Beijing, whereas for the background samples collected from the suburbs of Beijing, the concentration of Pt, Pd, and Rh were very low and ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 ng/g, 0.5 to 1.4 ng/g, and 0.8 to 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The[RL3] distributions of PGEs in road dust were an accurate reflection of the levels of pollution and were found to match with the local traffic conditions. A strong positive correlation was established among all the elements found in road dust. This suggests that emissions of abraded fragments from vehicle exhausts may be the source of the high concentration of Pt, Rh, and Pd in road dust along the main roads of Beijing.     

再谈废催化剂中金属的回收

介绍了含钯,钴,钼,钨的废催化剂的来源及从废催化剂中回收上述金属的工艺。     

不同空速下Pd/CeZrO_4/γ-Al_2O_3的起燃特性

以渍法制备了Pd/Ce0 ZrO4 /γ Al2 O3三效催化剂。在不同空速下 ,分别考察了空速对催化剂T30 % 、T50 % 、T90 % 的影响规律。详细分析了不同空速对催化剂起燃特性产生不同影响的原因所在。Pd/CeZrO4 /γ Al2 O3催化剂具有很好的起燃能力及空速特性。     

Pd/ZrO【sub】2【/sub】-Al【sub】2【/sub】O【sub】3【/sub】催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同Zr含量的ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体和Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂,利用连续流动微反装置考察了Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)性能,并运用程序升温还原(TPR),程序升温脱附(H2-TPD,NH3-TPD)和N2物理吸附等技术对载体及催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:ZrO2-Al2O3复合载体中Zr含量对Pd基催化剂的HDS性能有较大影响,加入适量Zr可增大Pd/Al2O3催化剂的分散度及H2吸附量和酸量,减弱活性组分与载体的相互作用,使活性中心和噻吩吸附位增多以及活化能降低,从而有利于Pd基催化剂HDS反应活性的提高,w(Zr)为9%时Pd/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的活性最好.     

ZnO NPs对水培小麦(Triticum aestivum L)种子不同发育阶段的影响

氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnO NPs)是目前应用最为广泛的纳米材料之一,已有研究表明其对生物体具有显著的毒性效应。为了研究ZnO NPs的毒性与种子发育阶段的关系,选择小麦(Triticum aestivum L)作为受试植物,将处于不同发育阶段的小麦种子置入ZnO NPs悬浮液中进行培养,研究了ZnO NPs对水培小麦种子不同发育阶段的影响。结果表明,虽然ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦都可以产生毒性,但是毒性的大小随小麦发育阶段的不同而表现出明显的差异(P0.05)。在60 mg·L-1暴露浓度下,用ZnO NPs对处于吸胀阶段、萌动阶段和发芽阶段的小麦种子进行处理,小麦根长的抑制率分别为37.8%、80.2%和95.7%;就萌动阶段和发芽阶段而言,ZnO NPs的毒性与其浓度有关,浓度越大毒性越大,即具有显著的浓度效应。上述研究结果对于全面准确地评价ZnO NPs毒性具有重要的意义。     

Influence of dissolved oxygen on aggregation kinetics of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles

Aggregation, an important environmental behavior of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) influences their bioavailability and cytotoxicity. The work studied the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) or the redox potential on the stability of AgNPs in aqueous environments. This study employed time-resolved dynamic light scattering (TR-DLS) to investigate the aggregation kinetics of citrate-coated AgNPs. Our results demonstrated that when DO was present, the aggregation rates became much faster (e.g., 3-8 times) than those without DO. The hydrodynamic sizes of AgNPs had a linear growth within the initial 4-6 h and after the linear growth, the hydrodynamic sizes became random for AgNPs in the presence of DO, whereas in the absence of DO the hydrodynamic sizes grew smoothly and steadily. Furthermore, the effects of primary particles sizes (20, 40, and 80 nm) and initial concentrations (300 and 600 μg/L) of AgNPs on aggregation kinetics were also investigated.