Conducting model ecosystem studies in tropical climate zones: lessons learned from Thailand and way forward

Little research has been done so far into the environmental fate and side effects of pesticides in the tropics. In addition, those studies conducted in tropical regions have focused almost exclusively on single species laboratory tests. Hence, fate and effects of pesticides on higher-tier levels have barely been studied under tropical conditions. To address this lack of knowledge, four outdoor aquatic model ecosystem experiments using two different test systems were conducted in Thailand evaluating the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide linuron and the fungicide carbendazim. Results of these experiments and comparisons of recorded fate and effects with temperate studies have been published previously. The present paper discusses the pros and cons of the methodologies applied and provides indications for i) possible improvements; ii) important aspects that should be considered when performing model ecosystem experiments in the tropics; iii) future research.     

UPLC-MS/MS法分析土壤中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的基质效应研究

采用加速溶剂萃取处理土壤样品,用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定样品中15种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,方法在5.00μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.3μg/kg～0.5μg/kg,加标回收率为78.9％ ～116％,6次测定结果的RSD为0.7％ ～15.7％.试验表明:不同地域的6种标准土壤对15种目标物...     

Detoxification of aqueous solutions of the pesticide “Sevnol” by solar photocatalysis

The solar photodegradation of Sevnol, a commercial pesticide, based on carbaryl as active principle, was studied. Experiments have been carried out at laboratory and at pilot plant scale using titanium dioxide as catalyst. Complete dissappearance of carbaryl was achieved, while total mineralisation required longer irradiation. Active sludge respirometry showed significant detoxification of the solution. Finally, results obtained with commercial Sevnol were consistent with those of pure carbaryl, although the reaction was slower.     

Perceptions of Risk Associated with Use of Farm Chemicals: Implications for Conservation Initiatives

/ Data were collected from 245 farmers within the Darby Creek hydrologic unit in central Ohio to assess perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals. Farmers were asked to evaluate the level of risk associated with use of agricultural chemicals for water quality, food safety, food quality, health of applicator, health of farm animals, wildlife, beneficial plants, beneficial insects, and human health. Study findings revealed that respondents perceived use of farm chemicals posed little or no threat to any of the assessed items. A composite index was formulated from the responses to the nine items and was titled Perceived Risk. Variance in the Perceived Risk index was regressed against social learning variables. The findings revealed that approximately 32% of the variance was explained by the predictive variables included in the model. It was concluded that the theoretical perspective was somewhat useful for understanding perceptions held about agricultural chemical use at the farm level. The findings are discussed in the context of future conservation and educational-information programs within the study region.KEY WORDS: Risk perception; Risk assessment; Groundwater; Pesticide contamination; Food safety; Environmental quality     

生物农药的发展现状及前景展望

简单叙述了生物农药的概念和意义、按细菌(主要是Bt)、病毒、农用抗生素、真菌、植物农药及转基因植物等不同生物农药品种，分别介绍了国内外生物农药发展的现状、趋势和市场需求。就如何推进我国生物农药研究开发与产业发展等方面提出建议和展望。     

本溪县农业面源污染现状及防治对策

通过科学的调研数据,重点分析了本溪县农药、化肥和农膜造成的环境污染。调查结果表明,本溪县农药、化肥和农膜的大量施用,虽然可以提高农作物的产量,但也会对人、土地、水体和生物等产生诸多不利的影响,从而提出相应的治理对策。建议发展生态农业,加强监督管理,研究制定相应的污染控制政策与措施。     

宁波市蔬菜污染状况及防治对策

通过对宁波市蔬菜基地的蔬菜中有害物残留和累积状况的调查发现，菜区土壤及蔬菜都不同程度地受到了硝酸盐，重金属等有这物质的污染，其污染程度随物质类型、性质及数量而不同。如蔬菜中硝酸盐含量平均达８１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，亚硝酸盐平均为０．８２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均超标率分别为４７．６％和２８．６％；重金属中铜，镉、铬的超标率都在６０％以上。这种状况对人体健康含有潜在的威胁。必需有效地控制和加以防治，文章最后提出了一些     

高效降解菌处理多菌灵农药生产废水的研究

从多菌灵农药生产废水的排放口附近土壤中分离得到14株多菌灵生产废水的高效降解菌，其中13号菌能高效降解多菌灵农药。5号菌能高效降解废水中的中间产物邻苯二胺。经鉴定．这2株菌均为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp．)。将这14株高效菌混合培养后与活性污泥分别投加到SBR反应器。通过正交试验得到各自的量佳工艺条件．同时比较出水的COD去除率。结果表明。采用高效菌处理多菌灵农药废水．COD去除率比活性污泥法高出29．1％。     

4种农药流失性质的研究

对４种农药的流失性质，进行了实验室和田间的试验研究，结果表明，水溶性农药乐果和杀虫单，有较低的土壤水分配比，较强的渗滤性和淋洗性，较易流失并污染水环境。脂溶性农药氰戊菊酯易被土壤强烈吸附，较难渗及被淋洗，不易流失，对水环境污染较轻。丁草胺的流失性质介于水溶性农药与脂溶性农药之间。     

上海市郊大棚蔬菜的农药使用调查

通过对上海市郊大棚生产中农药使用情况的调查，揭示了上海市郊大棚蔬菜生产中存在的主要农药污染问题，主要表现在：所使用农药的结构不够合理，一些危险级农药仍在使用，而高效杀菌剂和除草剂的品种很少；大棚蔬菜的农药残留量较高，超标率可达１０％；食用受农药污染蔬菜的急性中毒事件时有发生，主要为绿叶蔬菜，农药主要是甲胺膦。