石化废水回用工程方案设计初探

石化废水经处理后回用于循环冷却水补充水不仅能降低污染物的排放量,而且还能节省大量工业用水,具有较大的经济效益和环境效益.工程设计时针对进水水质特点及出水要求,对废水常规处理工艺及后续的深度处理工艺方案进行了比较选择,确定了一条合理的处理工艺路线.废水经合适的一级预处理、二级生化处理及三级深度处理后,大部分污染物质可以被去除,出水能够回用于循环冷却水的补充水.     

石油化工废水回用试验研究

以上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二级处理出水为处理对象，采用悬浮填料生物膜法、混凝沉淀、快速砂滤和低压电场杀菌工艺，获得了很好的试验效果，CODcr的平均去除率达50.0%，NH3－N达86.5%，SS达93.7%，杀菌率高达99％以上，出水水质完全达到回用水的标准。     

臭氧氧化水中石油类污染物的初步研究

对石油类污染物严重污染的某市水源地下水进行了臭氧净化技术的静态试验研究，通过臭氧对石油类污染物的氧化作用，结合紫外分光光度法测定油的吸收峰曲线和色－质联机结果的分析，初步研究了臭氧氧化水中石油类污染物的过程和途径。     

投加悬浮填料改善活性污泥法处理性能的试验研究

介绍了向曝气池中投加悬浮填料以改善曝气池的处理效能的试验研究。研究结果表明，投加悬浮填料可以降低曝气池的污泥负荷，提高活性污泥法的处理效率，改善活性污泥的沉淀性能。试验用悬浮填料能大大提高曝气设备的充氧能力，而且该填料挂膜块，膜厚适宜，易于流化，投加和更换方便，是一种极优的生物填料。     

Risk-based quantitative method for determining blast-resistant and defense loads of petrochemical buildings

Petrochemical buildings are usually distributed near chemical installations and have a high risk of explosion because of the concentration of people. In order to effectively design and protect buildings against explosion, it is needed to determine the blast-resistant and defense loads reasonably. Based on the theory of risk, a triangular pyramid explosion risk model was established in this study, which combined the overpressure p, duration t, and frequency f of the explosion scene at the same time. The first principle of “acceptable cumulative frequency” and the key principle of “maximum explosion risk” were formulated. According to this method, the explosion risk of eight leakage units with 10 groups of leakage hole size and three dangerous wind directions were obtained. According to the cumulative explosion frequency curve and the explosion risk curve, blast-resistant and defense loads of the four walls were determined quantitatively. Among the four walls, the explosion overpressure were 44.0–74.5 kPa, and the corresponding duration were 34.1–39.1 ms. The cumulative explosion frequency were 2.11E−5 to 8.58E−5 times annually. The explosion risk value were 3.64E−3 to 5.35E−3 kPa·ms annually. The results indicated that it was of great importance for the calculation of the explosion risk to reasonably divide the leakage unit and determine the leakage frequency. The explosion scene and its frequency, the volume of the obstructed region, and the distance of the explosion source were the key variables that affected the explosive load. The final blast-resistant and defense load values were found in the case of the middle hole size leakage. Blast-resistant and defense loads not only met the risk acceptance standard but also considered the overpressure and the duration of explosion. At present, they have been extensively applied in the blast-resistant design and engineering transformation of buildings in SINOPEC.     

石油化工流程的安全分析

通过对现代石化流程状态转移模式的分析， 建立了系统安全度分析模型，提出了改善系统安全状态的策略，并列举了用于催化裂化装置的结果     

污泥停留时间对污泥减量化的影响

污泥停留时间不但决定系统剩余污泥的排放量,还直接影响到污泥的絮凝沉降性能及活性等。由实验可知:污泥停留时间延长,可导致微生物缺乏营养,减少污泥产生量;从而导致SVI升高,污泥负荷降低。因此,延长污泥停留时间减少剩余污泥量,可以节省尿素和KH2PO4投入量,从经济上节省运行成本。     

Seismic risk assessment of liquid overtopping in a steel storage tank equipped with a single deck floating roof

Major earthquakes have demonstrated that Natech events can be triggered by liquid overtopping in liquid storage tanks equipped with floating roofs. Thus, research on the dynamic behaviour of steel storage tanks with floating roofs is still required. In this paper, the seismic risk against liquid overtopping in a real steel storage tank with a floating roof was analysed using a simplified model that was validated by a refined finite element model based on the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The simplified model utilizes the Lagrangian of a floating roof-fluid system and is capable of providing a response history of the floating roof. It was demonstrated that it could predict the maximum vertical displacement very accurately, while some differences were observed in the response history of vertical displacement. The computational time for a single response history analysis based on the simplified model amounted to a few minutes, which is significantly less demanding compared to hours required for response history analysis in the case of the refined FE model. The simplified model is thus appropriate for the seismic fragility analysis considering the overtopping limit state. It is shown that the fragility curves are significantly affected by the liquid filling level. The risk for liquid overtopping is quite high in the case of a full tank. However, by considering the variation of filling level during the year, the overtopping risk was observed reduced by approximately 30%. Alternatively, the approximate fragility analysis for the liquid overtopping can be performed by utilizing the Eurocode formula for the vertical displacement of liquid. This approach is straightforward, but the formula does not account for the higher mode effects, which may result in overestimated seismic intensity causing overtopping, as discussed in the paper.     

Establishment of Aqueous Film Forming Foam extinguishing agent minimum supply intensity model based on experimental method

In recent years, serious fire and explosion accident in petrochemical storage tanks have taken place frequently. Therefore, increasing the firefighting force in petrochemical parks is particularly important. The ambition of the paper is mainly studying the supply intensity of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) extinguishing agent. Fire extinguishing agent demand calculation method that can be capable of matching fire scale is established by carrying out series of fire extinguishing experiments. 6% AFFF is chosen to carry out three groups of experiments respectively: fire extinguishing agent fluidity determination, series groups of small size simulation oil pool fire and 177 square meters of large oil pool fire extinguishing experiment. The situation of fire extinguishing on fuel surface of AFFF can be explored through experimental means under cold and hot conditions. The data obtained from experiments prove a higher conformity between covering process and covering model under the cold condition. The model can predict the cold coverage of AFFF effectively. After unifying the supply flow from each experiment, the statistics can be fitted and come to the minimum supply intensity algorithm of AFFF against the target storage tank specifications. The algorithm is used to estimate the minimum supply intensity when extinguishing full liquid surface fire. This model also can be used as reference for petrochemical fire protection.     

Seaborne Petrochemical Spill Analysis Within the United States, 1992–1999

Through discussion of causative factors and examination of historical data, petrochemical spill prevention in US waters is reviewed. Unintentional petrochemical outflow is analyzed in a comprehensive manner and presented as a hierarchical sequence of antecedent events to reveal the trends of causative factors leading to release. Specifically, a seaborne petrochemical spill is examined in terms of four basic, antecedent events: (1) an underway source, (2) a failure incident, (3) a marine accident capable of breaching the hull and cargo block, and (4) the onset of outflow. These events are further subdivided into underlying, contributing events to form a causative framework for spill prevention. While a hierarchical review is not necessary to uncover the elements of causation, it does provide a comprehensive and logical structure that clearly defines these elements in terms of occurrence frequency and contribution to resulting outflow. It is found that relatively small, frequent spills less than 40,000 liters (10,567 gallons), attributable to human operator failures, leading to grounding, and cargo transfer system failure accidents, dominate US seaborne petrochemical outflow from 1992 to 1999. Given the frequency of groundings, structural reinforcement regulations such as those contained in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (requiring double hulls) appear well justified. However, passive restraint systems are secondary to the need for vigilant training and licensing of tank vessel operators.