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101.
“烟囱雨”现象日益成为火力发电厂湿烟囱运行过程中的重要隐患,对其进行有效的治理具有重要的环境和社会意义.针对“烟囱雨”产生的根本原因,根据华能杨柳青电厂四期2×300MW机组湿烟囱的实际情况,将物理模拟研究与CFD气流组织模拟相结合,给出了一种湿烟囱“烟囱雨”治理方案:“DFG-LCS液体收集系统”.系统投入使用后,经现场实地检验发现,原先电厂存在较严重的“烟囱雨”现象已得到明显控制,且后期设备维护简单,是一种高效可行的烟囱雨治理技术. 相似文献
102.
Melissa A. NapierBarbara B. Brown Carol M. WernerJonathan Gallimore 《Journal of environmental psychology》2011,31(1):45-51
The roles of community design and parent and child perceptions of walkability to school are tested for associations with walking in three communities: a walkable new urbanist community, a mixed community (standard suburban community where the walk to school traversed part of the new urbanist community), and less walkable standard suburban community. Perceived environmental barriers to walking to school are measured and compared for fifth graders (n = 193) and their parents (n = 177). Results showed that children and parents often agreed on walking barriers, except an interaction showed that — in the less walkable community — parents perceived worse barriers than did their children. Perceptions of barriers increased from walkable, to mixed, to less walkable communities. Students walked more when they attended the school in the walkable community, they lived near school, parents and children perceived fewer barriers to walking, and children had lower BMI scores, net of demographic controls. Thus the walk to school is embedded within multiple types of supports, all of which should be addressed to encourage walking to school. 相似文献
103.
Paul N.C. MurphyJae Ogilvie Fan-Rui MengBarry White Jagtar S. BhattiPaul A. Arp 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(14):2314-2332
This article examines the utility of a digitally derived cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index to model and map variations in drainage, vegetation and soil type and select soil properties within a forested area (40 ha) of the Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada. This index was derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) derived digital elevation model (DEM), with at least 1 ground return per m2. The resulting DTW pattern was set to be zero along all DEM-derived flow channels, each with a 4 ha flow-initiation threshold. Soil type (luvisol, gleysol, mesisol), drainage type (very poor to excessive), vegetation type (hydric to xeric) and forest floor depth were determined along hillslope transects. These determinations conformed more closely to the DEM-derived log10(DTW) variations (R2 > 60%) than to the corresponding variations of the widely used topographic wetness index (TWI) (R2 < 25%). Setting log10(DTW) thresholds to represent the wet to moist to dry transitions between vegetation, drainage and soil type enabled a high-resolution mapping of these types across the study area. Also determined were soil moisture content, coarse fragment and soil particle composition (sand, silt, clay), pH, total C, N, S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and available Ca, Mg, K, P and NH4, by soil layer type and depth. Most of these variables were also more correlated with log10(DTW) than with TWI, with and without soil layer depth as an additional regression variable. These variables are, therefore, subject to topographic controls to at least some extent, and can be modelled and mapped accordingly, as illustrated for soil moisture, forest floor depth and pH across the study area, from ridge tops to depressions. Further examinations revealed that the DEM-produced DTW and TWI patterns complemented one another, with DTW delineating soils in relation to local water-table influences, and with TWI delineating where the water would flow and accumulate. 相似文献
104.
Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg·min) and R2 of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg·min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg·min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse. 相似文献
105.
Antonino Fiorentino Giuliana De Luc Luigi Rizzo Giacomo Viccione Giusy Lofrano Maurizio Carotenuto 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2018,30(7):95-104
The fate of indigenous surface-water and wastewater antibiotic resistant bacteria in a mild slope stream simulated through a hydraulic channel was investigated in outdoor experiments.The effect of(i) natural(dark) decay,(ii) sunlight,(iii) cloudy cover,(iv) adsorption to the sediment,(v) hydraulic conditions,(vi) discharge of urban wastewater treatment plant(UWTP)effluent and(vii) bacterial species(presumptive Escherichia coli and enterococci) was evaluated.Half-life time(T1/2) of E. coli under sunlight was in the range 6.48–27.7 min(initial bacterial concentration of 10~5 CFU/mL) depending on hydraulic and sunlight conditions. E. coli inactivation was quite similar in sunny and cloudy day experiments in the early 2 hr, despite of the light intensity gradient was in the range of 15–59 W/m~2; but subsequently the inactivation rate decreased in the cloudy day experiment(T1/2= 23.0 min) compared to sunny day(T_(1/2)= 17.4 min). The adsorption of bacterial cells to the sediment(biofilm) increased in the first hour and then was quite stable for the remaining experimental time. Finally, when the discharge of an UWTP effluent in the stream was simulated, the proportion of indigenous antibiotic resistant E. coli and enterococci was found to increase as the exposure time increased, thus showing a higher resistance to solar inactivation compared to the respective total populations. 相似文献
106.
D. J. Schaeffer T. R. Seastedt D. J. Gibson D. C. Hartnett B. A. D. Hetrick S. W. James D. W. Kaufman A. P. Schwab E. E. Herricks E. W. Novak 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):81-93
Ecosystem responses to physical or chemical stress may vary from changes in single organisms to alteration of the structure
and function of the ecosystem. These responses to stress cannol be predicted exactly. Ecosystems repeatedly exposed to physical
and/or chemical stress can be used to study the separate and combined environmental effects of stress. Such studies also allow
the development of procedures to select test systems for the analysis of stress in ecosystems. A preliminary field survey
of six military training sites at Fort Riley, Kansas, USA, was conducted to identify and verify ecological test systems for
evaluating ecosystem responses to physical and/or chemical stress. Comparisons of these data with data collected concurrently
from Konza Prairie Research Natural Area reference sites showed that soil microarthropods, some species of macroarthropods,
small mammals, and native earthworm species were negatively affected by stress. In contrast, plant species diversity, plant
foliage biomass, soil mycorrhizae, and many soil characteristics were within the boundaries of nominal variations observed
on “pristine” Konza Prairie. Introduced European earthworms appeared to be positively affected by training activities. This
study provided a test of systematic procedures to support impact analysis, ecological toxicology, and ecosystem risk assessments.
This is paper IX in D. J. Schaeffer's “Environmental Audit” series. 相似文献
107.
108.
以西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘为研究对象,分析其基本理化指标。结果表明,西安市表层土壤pH值的变化范围是7.65~8.54,属弱碱性。地表灰尘pH值的变化范围是6.59~11.19,属碱性。表层土壤的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为1.55×10^-6 m^3/kg和1.46×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为6.7%。地表灰尘的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为5.50×10^-6 m^3/kg和4.84×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为1.88%。表层土壤和地表灰尘中总有机碳均值分别为1.31%和3.97%。西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘均主要以粉粒为主,且二者各理化性质之间均有一定的相关性。 相似文献
109.
The photocatalytical inactivation of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis,...) in the flow‐through plate solar reactor by sunlight was investigated. The low stability of bacteria in the reactor was attributed to bacteria sensitivity to mixing and/or gas bubbling. Sunlight inactivation proceeds with sufficient rate even under cloudy conditions. 相似文献
110.
Jody N. Connor Michael R. Martin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(4):845-853
ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer. 相似文献