Effects of Grazing Pressure on Succession Process and Productivity of Old Fields on Mediterranean Islands

Poterium spinosum, competitive under conditions of overgrazing and fire, accounted for 70%–85% of the total plant cover in all sites, except Santorini, where participation of spiny species was very low. In the recently abandoned sites, annuals accounted for 50%–60% of the standing biomass, but constituted only a tiny fraction in those abandoned for 30 years or more. This was not paralleled by any remarkable increase of the total plant cover. In fact, the yearly produced green biomass decreased with the years after abandonment. The productivity of old fields abandoned for a long time is insufficient to support the grazing animals present. This shortfall, given the animals' requirements, is most dramatic in Symi. The nonrecovering vegetation in the old fields of these mountainous islands constitutes a severe environmental threat; remedial measures appear imperative.     

火电厂对城市空气质量的影响模拟

运用美国ISC3复合工业源模型模拟高井发电厂大气环境影响 ,结果表明 :该厂大气污染物排放的主要影响地区在石景山西北部和门头沟东部 ,丰台西北部和海淀西北部也受到一定影响 ,对老城区影响较小。SO2 、PM1 0 和NOX 年均浓度最大值分别为 2 4 36、1 35、10 30 μg m3,分别占空气质量二级标准的 4 1%、1 35 %、13%。可见 ,高井发电厂对周边区域SO2 浓度影响较大 ,对NOX 也有一定影响 ,对PM1 0 的影响较小。     

树木健康与病虫草害的关系分析

本文论述了树木健康与病害、虫害、草害的关系。     

珠江三角洲气溶胶中正构烷烃分布规律、来源及其时空变化

珠江三角洲地区主要城市气溶胶中正构烷烃分布可分为３种类型，第一类为前峰型，主要来源于汽车尾气；第二类为后峰型，主要来源于植物蜡；第三类为双峰型，来源于植物蜡，燃料燃烧和尾气。     

应用分段烟羽模式估算秦山核电厂(二期)设计基准事故概率后果

采用天气取样技术和分段烟羽模式估算了秦山核电厂二期工程一旦发生设计基准事故，在半径８０ｋｍ评价区内可能造成的事故概率后果。天气取样采用分层取样技术，根据秦山二期厂址百米气象铁塔一年逐时气象观测数据取。持续时间长达３０天的事故释放采用分段烟羽模式由５个不同持续时间，不同释放量的烟段模拟；应用有效扩散参数概念以描述大气稳定度变化对扩散参数的影响，扩散参数采用厂址实测值。     

Utility participation in a multispecies plan

Single-species listings under provisions of the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) have caused, or have been accused of causing, significant regional economic impact. In an attempt to avoid such adverse effects on regional economic development, the state of California passed the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act (NCCP) in 1991. It is a voluntary, consensus-based approach to balancing protection of sensitive biota and biodiversity with regional economic development. The pilot NCCP program for the conservation of several threatened, endangered, and category 1 species, plus an additional 35 coastal sage scrub-related species in southern California, was completed and submitted to the public for review and comment in December 1995. This program proposes the voluntary establishment of a 86,600-ha multispecies reserve system. Once completed, participating landowners will receive ESA Section 10(a) incidental take permits for present and identified future projects. Utility rights-of-way are incorporated into the program as important connective linkages between reserve units and other adjacent important habitat areas. All data and information regarding the proposed results of the NCCP are subject to change pending agency response to public comments on the draft Habitat Conservation Plan and joint EIR/EIS.     

植物体游离脯氨酸对SO_2＋NO_2复合物的反应

以大豆、蕃茄、青菜为试验植物，应用开顶式熏气装置，研究了ＳＯ２＋ＮＯ２复合熏气对３种植物游离脯氨酸的影响及其与伤害程度的关系。结果表明，受ＳＯ２＋ＮＯ２熏气的３种植物体内脯氨酸部有增加。其变比规律因植物种类和处理方式而异；脯氨酸的增加率与叶伤害率呈正相关关系。文章初步认为植物体游离脯氨酸可以作为指示污染物的一项生化指标。     

大连星海湾水质预测

建设马栏河污水处理厂是改善大连市南部沿海环境的重要措施。本文运用浅海潮波方程和平流扩散方程进行海域水质预测,结果表明：该污水处理厂建成后,星海湾海域水质将有很大好转,达到国家二级标准。     

砷矿尾砂污染及其治理研究

调查了广东省连南瑶族自治县寨岗铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟及其周边砷污染状况.发现渗流水含砷高达43.72 mg/L,渗流水随雨水沿山坡、溪流流入下游,对周边的水体、土壤、农作物等造成严重污染.同时发现全缘凤尾蕨、龙船蕨、野苎麻、白芒草和接骨草是耐砷植物.模拟试验证实在炼砷废墟和高砷尾砂上种植这些植物可减少砷的迁移,且不致引起二次污染.1998年对铁屎坪土法炼砷废墟进行治理,经一年多跟踪观察,周边水体中砷含量从原来的约0.048 mg/L下降到0.001 06 mg/L.结果表明用植被治理尾砂的砷污染是一种价廉、有效的方法.     

关于欧盟植物保护品对鸟类和哺乳动物的风险评估的反思：过去、现在和未来

植物保护品在农作物上的使用会导致鸟类和哺乳动物接触有毒化学物质。在欧盟，关于此类暴露的风险评估均以当前(2009)欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)颁布的指导性文件为依据，与之前的版本相比，该文件在理论风险评估的可实现性方面有所提高(SANCO/4145/2000)。自从7年前实施2009 EFSA 指导性文件以来，基于此已经对众多植物保护品的毒性进行了成功地评估。然而，在今后的修订版本中仍然存在需要改进的重要方面。这篇焦点文章讨论了目前方案的风险评估经验，包括输入参数的保守水平和监管当局的解释以及如何在不远的将来对指导性文件进行修订提出建议。明确了推进指导文件的几方面建议，例如与生态相关的鸟类和哺乳动物生殖端点的推导和情境风险评估中建模方法的使用。在完善现有数据库方面，本文也有所强调，包括校对全欧洲相关焦点物种和扩大食物残留数据库。为了能够在将来形成一个真实可用的指导性文件，强烈建议在产业、监管和欧洲食品安全局等部门之间进行开放和建设性的沟通和交流。这样的合作也将鼓励会员国之间的融合，从而减轻产业和监管机构工作负荷。
精选自Amy C. Brooks, Mike Fryer, Alan Lawrence, Juan Pascual, Rachel Sharp. Reflections on bird and mammal risk assessment for plant protection products in the European Union: past, present and future. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 565–575, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3719
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3719/full