Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers

IntroductionElectronics assembly workers are reported to have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigated the prevalence of cervical MSDs and the complex relationships between cervical MSDs and individual, physical, psychosocial factors among electronics assembly workers. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, self-administered questionnaires from 700 workers in electronics manufacturing workshops were analysed. Information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms, personal and work-related factors was collected. Finally, the prevalence of cervical MSDs was computed for different subgroups, and the relationships with different factors were analyzed using logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The total 12 month prevalence of cervical MSDs among the survey population was 29.4%. Variables of gender, job tenure, twisting head frequently, neck flexion/extension for long time and work required to be done quickly showed significant associations with MSDs in a multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed moderate and significant correlations between postural load (γ = 0.279), gender (γ = 0.233) and cervical MSDs, while there were weak but significant correlations between vibration (γ = 0.024), work stress (γ = 0.126), job tenure (γ = 0.024) and cervical MSDs. Both work stress and vibration affected the MSDs indirectly through postural load. Conclusions: The logistic regression results support previous general epidemiological MSD studies, and indicates that individual, physical, and psychosocial factors are related to cervical MSDs. The SEM provides a better approximation of the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and cervical MSDs. Improving awkward postures may be effective ways to control the influence of occupational stressors or vibration on MSDs. Practical Applications: The study is to improve prevention of MSDs among electronics assembly workers and promote their occupational health.     

Ergonomic interventions for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in a small manufacturing assembly line

This study involves performing improvements in workstation specification using a three-dimensional human modeling tool and proposing well-balanced work scheduling (WBWS) to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in a small manufacturing plant. To analyze risk factors of WMSDs, various tasks at 10 different types of workstation were evaluated with detailed motion analysis using a customized checklist. Questionnaires were administered to 27 workers to evaluate symptoms related to WMSDs. Revised workstation specifications were suggested based on anthropometric characteristics of workers using before–after analyses as an engineering control. Additionally, WBWS was proposed as an administrative control to avoid continuous physical stress on specific body parts in repetitive tasks. A software tool for WBWS was developed for convenient and easy application. The results of the study may aid managers in applying ergonomic interventions with time and cost savings, and enhance worker satisfaction and motivation due to improvements in working conditions to prevent WMSDs.     

Mixing regime shapes the community assembly process, microbial interaction and proliferation of cyanobacterial species Planktothrix in a stratified lake

Lake mixing influences aquatic chemical properties and microbial community composition, and thus, we hypothesized that it would alter microbial community assembly and interaction. To clarify this issue, we explored the community assembly processes and cooccurrence networks in four seasons at two depths (epilimnion and hypolimnion) in a mesotrophic and stratified lake (Chenghai Lake), which formed stratification in the summer and turnover in the winter. During the stratification period, the epilimnion and hypolimnion went through contrary assembly processes but converged to similar assembly patterns in the mixing period. In a highly homogeneous selection environment, species with low niche breadth were filtered, resulting in decreased species richness. Water mixing in the winter homogenized the environment, resulting in a simpler microbial cooccurrence network. Interestingly, we observed a high abundance of the cyanobacterial genus Planktothrix in the winter, probably due to nutrient redistribution and Planktothrix adaptivity to the winter environment in which mixing played important roles. Our study provides deeper fundamental insights into how environmental factors influence microbial community structure through community assembly processes.     

基于DELMIA的载人离心机座舱装配仿真

目的 形成合理的座舱装配工艺方案,提高装配质量和效率,并能在设计阶段发现座舱装配工艺方案存在的问题。方法 通过分析座舱结构特征和装配特点,并基于DELMIA数字化制造仿真平台,对载人离心机座舱的装配信息进行构建与分析。运用干涉和碰撞检查,结合人机功效模块,对座舱装配过程进行仿真分析。结果 座舱装配仿真是验证其装配工艺方案是否合理的有效手段,通过座舱装配仿真,提前发现了装配工艺方案存在装配动态干涉、可达性和可视性等问题。结论 数字化装配技术可以帮助设计人员预先发现装配工艺方案的不足,改进装配工艺方案,验证装备工艺方案的可行性,为实际装配提供指导,进而可极大地提高装配效率,缩短装备研制周期。     

公众聚集场所火灾风险评价模型探讨

文章通过对公众聚集场所火灾风险的概率因素和后果因素的分析,提出了一种火灾风险评价的模型,该模型可用于同类公众聚集场所火灾风险之间的比较,为公众聚集场所的火灾风险管理提供了量化的依据,也为公共聚集场所的火灾风险评价提供了一种方法尝试。     

一种新型煤层气旋转控制头旋转总成的温升影响因素分析

可靠有效的冷却润滑系统是旋转控制头安全、高效工作的保证。结合现有成熟技术,设计出一种集冷却润滑系统与旋转总成为一体的新型旋转控制头。为确保其旋转总成冷却润滑的要求,建立1/2实体三维数值模型,分析了密封井压、钻杆转速、井口偏心距对其温升的影响。结果表明:三影响因素均是旋转总成温升的主要因素,随三者的增大旋转总成的热平衡最高温升呈非线性增大,但在其运转所允许的温升范围内;三影响因素对旋转总成的动密封系统温升的影响最为明显,说明动密封系统是旋转总成的主要热源点;井口偏心距的增大较另外两种影响因素的增大,对旋转总成的热平衡最高温升值影响更大,进一步证实了旋转控制头安装过程中减少井口偏心距的重要性。     

机翼后梁接头裂纹故障分析

目的分析某型飞机机翼后梁接头裂纹形成的原因,避免类似问题的重复发生。方法通过对机翼后梁接头进行受力分析,在对机翼后梁接头结构装配关系进行分析的基础上,采用有限元方法对接头进行应力计算,并对裂纹断口进行宏观和微观分析,确定产生裂纹的原因。结果机翼后梁接头裂纹为应力腐蚀裂纹。结论机翼后梁接头材料为LD5,对应力腐蚀敏感,接头在装配过程中存在较大的装配拉应力,而接头表面的腐蚀防护又存在缺陷,在较严酷的服役环境作用下发生了应力腐蚀开裂。     

铬污染对土壤细菌群落结构及其构建机制的影响

随着工业的快速发展铬（Cr）已经成为我国主要的土壤重金属污染物之一,严重地影响了土壤生态环境以及居民的身体健康.本研究以河北省某制革工厂污泥堆周边污染土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对不同污染程度土壤样品中的细菌群落结构及其群落构建机制进行分析.结果表明,铬污染显著地影响了土壤理化性质以及微生物群落.不同铬污染程度的土壤样品中,细菌群落结构与组成差异显著.高浓度的铬污染能降低土壤细菌群落的α多样性.铬污染土壤样品中的细菌共分为55个门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）.铬污染土壤中,细菌群落在构建过程中以决定性过程为主,随机性比例随着铬含量的升高而降低,并且均为同质性选择过程.土壤中总铬含量、含水率、pH、有机质与细菌群落显著（P<0.05）相关,是影响细菌群落结构的主要驱动因子.     

不同地区土壤古菌群落对重金属污染的响应

为探讨农田土壤古菌群落结构与构建机制对不同类型重金属污染的响应特征及影响因素,采集高地质背景区、涉重金属企业和工矿区周边农田土壤样品,通过高通量测序,结合土壤理化性质,对土壤古菌群落组成及构建机制进行研究.结果表明,本研究区域内农田土壤重金属空间异质性高,镉污染较广泛,除工矿区部分土壤样本存在强生态风险,其他样本存在轻微的潜在生态风险.不同地区古菌群落结构差异较大,泉古菌门（Crenarchaeota）为优势菌门,占比62.7%~98.3%,其次为Halobacterota （1.1%~23.2%）.环境因子中,土壤有机质含量、pH、砷和铅含量与古菌群落显著相关（P<0.05）,是古菌群落结构差异的主要驱动因子.零模型分析表明本研究古菌群落在系统发育上聚集,确定性过程驱动古菌群落构建,有机质和pH等环境因子的异质选择作用主导古菌群落形成.因此,环境过滤的确定性作用最终驱动本研究古菌群落构建,环境异质性导致了古菌群落多样性和空间异质性,从而增强古菌抵御环境胁迫的能力,利于农田生态系统功能的稳定性和可持续性.     

人员密集场所突发火灾事故应急疏散能力分析

本文针对人员密集场所空间结构特征和火灾事故特点,从场所的疏散通道、疏散设施、人员聚集特性及应急疏散管理等方面辨识了突发火灾事故人员应急疏散能力的影响因素,给出了场所应急疏散空间的评估因素、评估指标以及以疏散路线、疏散照明和疏散标识为主的场所应急疏散能力检查表,提出以人员群集指数、人员群集流量系数来反映人员群集流动特性。在此基础上,根据火灾蔓延对疏散路径的影响状况将人员密集场所的应急疏散风险划分为较高、一般、较低三级。人员密集场所火灾应急疏散能力评估对于确保火灾中人员的生命安全具有重要的意义,对于场所的疏散优化设计、日常消防监管以及疏散应急预案的合理制定和日常疏散演练具有现实指导意义。