环境保护项目费用效益评价方法

从费用—效益分析原理出发,结合微观经济理论及环保项目特点,通过分析与归纳建立环保项目费用效益量化评价模型,落实费用效益分析法在环保项目经济评价中的具体应用,达到得以对环保项目作出经济分析评价的目的。     

危险废物鉴别体系比较研究

主要从危险废物(HW)定义及名录、危险废物鉴别程序和危险废物危险特性及其鉴别这三个方面将我国危险废物鉴别体系与美国及欧盟进行了比较,分析了我国危险废物界定和鉴别存在的问题,提出了修改建议。     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Threatened Species and the Potential Loss of Phylogenetic Diversity: Conservation Scenarios Based on Estimated Extinction Probabilities and Phylogenetic Risk Analysis

Abstract: New species conservation strategies, including the EDGE of Existence (EDGE) program, have expanded threatened species assessments by integrating information about species' phylogenetic distinctiveness. Distinctiveness has been measured through simple scores that assign shared credit among species for evolutionary heritage represented by the deeper phylogenetic branches. A species with a high score combined with a high extinction probability receives high priority for conservation efforts. Simple hypothetical scenarios for phylogenetic trees and extinction probabilities demonstrate how such scoring approaches can provide inefficient priorities for conservation. An existing probabilistic framework derived from the phylogenetic diversity measure (PD) properly captures the idea of shared responsibility for the persistence of evolutionary history. It avoids static scores, takes into account the status of close relatives through their extinction probabilities, and allows for the necessary updating of priorities in light of changes in species threat status. A hypothetical phylogenetic tree illustrates how changes in extinction probabilities of one or more species translate into changes in expected PD. The probabilistic PD framework provided a range of strategies that moved beyond expected PD to better consider worst‐case PD losses. In another example, risk aversion gave higher priority to a conservation program that provided a smaller, but less risky, gain in expected PD. The EDGE program could continue to promote a list of top species conservation priorities through application of probabilistic PD and simple estimates of current extinction probability. The list might be a dynamic one, with all the priority scores updated as extinction probabilities change. Results of recent studies suggest that estimation of extinction probabilities derived from the red list criteria linked to changes in species range sizes may provide estimated probabilities for many different species. Probabilistic PD provides a framework for single‐species assessment that is well‐integrated with a broader measurement of impacts on PD owing to climate change and other factors.     

法国环境影响报告书编制与审查

介绍了法国环境影响评价的发展过程，通过实例着重介绍和分析法国环境影响报告书的主要内容和要求，最后就报告书的审查进行介绍和评述．法国的环境影响评价有其自身的特点，报告书内容要求广泛全面，要编制非技术性的简写本、重视景观影响评价、评价全面和要进行公众调查是其中主要特点．     

江苏昆山市人口,资源,环境与可持续发展的战略思考

本文从区域可持续发展的角度,着重分析了搞土地批租给经济建设、农业生产和环境保护带来的利弊,指出土地批租具有经济发展上的进取性,资源利用上的合理性,环境治理上的主动性和社会发展的全面性,关键是要因势利导,加强管理,才能达到可持续发展的根本目的。     

基于风险管理的区域（流域）地下水污染预警方法研究

地下水是我国重要的水资源,当前我国面临的地下水污染防治形势较为严峻.开展地下水污染风险评价及预警是预防地下水污染的有效措施,目前国内外有关地下水污染预警方面研究尚处于探索阶段,未形成一套完善的、可供借鉴的技术方法.本研究在分析不同尺度地区地下水污染预警工作需求的基础上,筛选出区域(流域)尺度地下水污染预警指标,包括地质介质防护性能、污染源特征、地下水动态及地下水价值因素四项指标,并利用指标叠置法建立了地下水污染预警模型.以包头平原区为例,开展了地下水污染预警研究,利用建立的模型划分了不同等级的地下水污染预警分区,研究成果可为当地地下水资源管理部门提供科技支撑.     

全国机动车污染物排放量——《2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》（第Ⅱ部分）

环境保护部日前发布（（2013年中国机动车污染防治年报》,公布了2012年全国机动车污染排放状况。本期“研究成果展示”专栏以六篇形式连载。本文刊载2012年全国机动车污染物排放量现状及其变化趋势的内容,以飨读者。该年报指出,2012年,全国机动车排放污染物4612．1万吨,比2011年增加0．1％,其中氮氧化物（NOx）640．0万吨,碳氢化合物（HC）438．2万吨,一氧化碳（CO）3471．7万吨,颗粒物（PM）62．2万吨。汽车是污染物总量的主要贡献者,其排放的NOx和PM超过90％,HC和CO超过70％。按车型分类,全国货车排放的NOx和PM明显高于客车,其中重型货车是主要贡献者;而客车CO和HC排放量则明显高于货车。按燃料分类,全国柴油车排放的NOx接近汽车排放总量的70％,PM超过90％;而汽油车CO和HC排放量则较高,超过排放总量的70％。按排放标准分类,占汽车保有量7．8％的国I前标准汽车,其排放的四种主要污染物占排放总量的35．0％以上：而占保有量61．6％的国Ⅲ及以上标准汽车,其排放量还不到排放总量的30．0％。按环保标志分类,仅占汽车保有量13．4％的“黄标车”却排放了58．2％的NOx、56．8％的Hc、52．5％的CO和81．9％的PM。2012年,全国机动车保有量比2011年增长了7．8％,但四项污染物排放总量与2011年基本持平,这与实施更严格的机动车排放标准、加快淘汰高排放的“黄标车”、提升车用燃料品质等措施有关。     

《国家危险废物名录》在应用管理中存在问题分析

本文介绍了我国危险废物名录目前的现状,分析了危险废物名录在应用管理过程中存在的问题,对名录修订及危险废物的监管提出了建议.针对我国危险废物名录在应用管理过程中存在的问题,本文建议：一是建立科学规范的鉴别浓度标准体系,完善危险废物管理豁免制度,扩大豁免范围;二是加强危险废物鉴定机构建设,优化产业空间布局;三是加强立法,明确责任;四是明确危险废物分类优先原则;五是坚持动态修订的原则,及时修订《名录》.