Swiss Market for Meat from Animal-Friendly Production – Responses of Public and Private Actors in Switzerland

Animal welfare is an importantsocietal issue in Switzerland. Policy makershave responded with a strict legislation onanimal protection and with two programs topromote animal friendly husbandry. Alsoprivate actors in the meat industry initiatedprograms for animal friendly meat productionto meet consumers' expectations. Labeled meathas a market share of over 20%. Depending onthe stakeholders responsible for the labels,their objectives vary. While retailers want toattract consumers with meat produced in ananimal friendly and environmentally compatiblemanner and with products of consistently goodsensory quality, producers want to keep marketshares and increase their revenues.     

火电厂推行ISO14001体系与节能降耗

分析了环境管理体系(EMS)中的节能降耗与火电厂传统的节能工作之间的区别与联系，并通过火电厂推行EMS所取得的节能降耗实绩，阐述其对传统节能工作的促进作用。     

工业厂房自然通风的数值模拟及结构改进

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术(方法)对某钢铁厂房的自然通风过程进行数值模拟研究。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型及DO辐射模型对该工业厂房的流场和温度场进行了数值计算,其计算结果与文献中实验值的对比吻合很好。在该基础上,进一步对热源分布和进风口、天窗排风口结构对自然通风效果的影响做了计算,结果表明:适当的减小排风口高度以及缩短生产线热源的间距等能够在一定程度上改善自然通风的效果。研究成果为工业厂房自然通风系统的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

Consumer understanding of product lifetimes

Throwing products away before they fail or are broken is at the heart of consumer behaviour in developed economies such as the UK. Products are often discarded for reasons of fashion, or to keep up with technological advances, rather than because they have reached the end of their functional life. Such behaviours contribute to resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and physical waste which needs to be managed. Extending the length of time that products are kept in use (whether by their original or subsequent owners) can contribute to greater resource efficiency, with significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research was undertaken to support the development of evidence-based policy in the UK on the role of longer product lifetimes in achieving sustainable consumption and waste prevention. Twelve qualitative discussion groups, involving 115 consumers, were carried out to explore consumer influences on product lifetimes including: which factors influence purchase decisions; the care of products in use; and disposal decisions. A new typology was developed to describe how products meet consumers’ various needs for ‘workhorses’, ‘investment’ and ‘up-to-date’ products; and how lifetime is an outcome of the ‘nature’ of a product (functional life) and its ‘nurture’ (lifetime in use) by consumers. The results demonstrate that consumers have come to expect constant and rapid up-dating of products. In particular, having the latest versions of products is strongly associated with personal identity and feelings of success in life. There is little evidence of concern about the environmental consequences of a ‘throwaway society’. The low cost of new products, which enables rapid updating for reasons of fashion, is a key barrier to encouraging consumers to keep products in use for longer. Some opportunities were identified however for certain ‘workhorse’ and ‘investment’ products that are valued more for their functionality than fashion.     

江西省城市化进程中资源消耗特征及响应分析

选取能源消费总量、总用水量和城市建成区面积作为江西省资源消耗的指示性指标，在对其城市化进程中资源消耗特征分析的基础上，采用计量经济学的方法。对城市化作用的资源消耗响应情景进行了模拟。研究显示：①随着城市化进程的推进，江西省资源消耗特征表现并不一致。其人均能源消耗、人均建成区面积扩张有着与全国类似的逐步增长的态势，但其人均值都低于全国人均水平；而人均用水量则与全国一样呈现下降趋势，但江西省人均用水量一直都高于全国平均水平。②格兰杰因果分析发现，江西省城市化水平变化是人均能源消费增长和人均建成区面积扩张的格兰杰因果原因，人均建成区面积扩张也是城市化水平提高的格兰杰因果原因；而城市化水平变化与人均用水量下降互不为格兰杰因果原因。进一步的脉冲响应函数模拟表明：在江西省城市化进程中，城市化水平的提高对人均能源消费具有正的冲击效果；而人均建成区面积扩张对城市化具有先正后负的响应情景。     

酒店主要产品服务经济-能源-环境系统分析

利用投入产出分析方法和能耗寿命周期分析方法相结台。建立了主要产品中间生产和最终服务经济-能源-环境系统投入产出综合计算模型；对国内有代表性的八家酒店主要产品服务系统进行了计算与综合分析：结果显示酒店之间投入产出指标值量大相差2倍以上。具有巨大的改进潜力；酒店内部餐饮服务系统是传统的线性开放式经济发展模式的突出代表。应进行蕾业规模调整、合理配置能源种类和消耗比例、重点实施清洁生产。     

Innovative solutions for averting a potential resource crisis—the case of one-person households in England and Wales

This paper seeks to test the hypothesis that growth in one-person households will increase the domestic consumption of energy, land and household goods in England and Wales. It concludes that if current consumer behaviour of one-person households persists there will be a significant increase in the consumption of all three resources in the future. However, it argues that that many opportunities exist in England and Wales for tackling this problem. For example the new housing programme, increasing ability amongst one-person households to afford “green alternatives” and the search amongst some one-person households for alternative lifestyles (which could be potentially more resource efficient). The paper suggests that providing one-person households with opportunities to live in more resource efficient housing and adopt pro-environmental behaviour could significantly reduce their future environmental impact. Various design, fiscal and awareness-raising solutions are presented in the paper and their viability is assessed. These include ecological homes, collective housing forms, occupancy tax, relocation packages, educational programmes and targeted advertising campaigns. The paper proposes that using a combination of these more innovative solutions to the problem could significantly reduce the future environmental impact of one-person households.     

工业化水平区域差异与中国能源消费

在对30个省区工业化水平进行了聚类分析的基础上，描述了工业化水平的区域差异。通过对中国煤炭、石油两类非可再生能源的消费在区域工业增长中的判别分析，探讨了区域工业化水平对能源消费水平的影响。这种影响以工业能源密度为动因，促成了区域工业化水平与能源消费总量水平的一致性和差异性。研究结果表明：工业能源密度的降低和能源效率的改进有利于工业化水平提高。     

城市家庭节能措施选择偏好的联合分析——对山东省济南市居民的抽样调查

节能是提高能效、减少污染、实现能源可持续消费的有效手段。本文以山东省济南市居民节能措施选择的实地调查数据为基础．运用联合分析方法对其所涉及的节能项目、途径、成本和效果诸方面的偏好程度如何影响节能措施的最终选择进行了实证分析．结果显示：居民在进行节能活动时，首要考虑的是节能措施的效果。其次是节能成本和项目。而对节能实现途径不太关注；居民更偏好效果明显、成本低的节能措施；倾向于简单、初级的行为节能方式（改变用能习惯）；在技术节能方式中。更倾向通过购买能效用具而非改造原来用具实现节能。同时．本文对于不同特征家庭能源消费者选择节能措施的偏好差异也进行了分析。从而为政府推进全社会节能提供决策指导。     

太阳能路灯技术的国内外研究动态及其在浙江新农村建设中的应用

针对中国太阳能利用技术的现状，分析比较了太阳能路灯在国内利用的可行性，详细介绍了浙江某示范村的太阳能路灯工程情况，并对该工程进行了经济可行性的分析。