关于制定连云港市水土保持生态建设规划的思考

连云港市地处欧亚大陆桥的东桥头堡,是沿海十四个开放城市之一,国家定位是将其建设成为连接太平洋沿岸与中亚地区的国际商贸中心和全国性的旅游城市。而目前的山丘区水土流失严重,植被稀少,生态环境恶化,与国家定位目标和连云港市发展目标相差甚远。因此在制定水土保持生态环境建设规划时,必须紧紧围绕改善生态环境这条主线,以增加农民收入和改善生存条件为突破口,因地制宜,坚持长期综合治理,方能实现“山川秀美”之目标。     

NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS,SOUTH PLATTE RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Accurate data about nutrient concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents are needed for river basin water-quality studies. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the South Platte River Basin, nutrient data were requested from 31 wastewater-treatment plants located in the basin. This article describes the types of nutrient data available from the plants, examines the variability of effluent nutrient concentrations, and discusses methods for estimation of nutrient concentrations where data are lacking. Ammonia was monitored at 88 percent of the plants, nitrite plus nitrate was monitored at 40 percent of the plants, and organic nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored at less than 25 percent of the plants. Median total nitrogen concentrations and median total phosphorus concentrations were small compared to typical literature estimates for wastewater-treatment plants with secondary treatment. Nutrient concentrations in effluent from wastewater-treatment plants varied widely between and within plants. For example, ammonia concentrations varied as much as 5 mg/L during a day, as much as 10 mg/L from day to day, and as much as 30 mg/L from summer to winter within a plant. In the South Platte River Basin, estimates of median annual ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations can be improved based on plant processes; and nitrite plus nitrate and organic nitrogen concentrations can be estimated based on ammonia concentrations. However, to avoid large estimation errors, more complete nutrient data from wastewater-treatment plants are needed for integration into river basin water quality studies. The paucity of data hinders attempts to evaluate the relative importance of point source and nonpoint source nutrient loadings to rivers.     

构思“安全学”

以辩证唯物主义为主线 ,对“安全学”的内涵 ,从安全科学的学科体系、构成、安全学的地位和作用 ,安全的自然属性与社会属性 ,世界观、人生观、价值观与安全观 ,安全哲学、安全哲理与安全方法 ,原始安全动力学、安全系统的灰色特征以及安全系统的非线性等主要方面进行了构思 ,以图搭起“安全学”的顶层结构 ,为撰写“安全学”打下基础。     

NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION CRITERIA AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PATTERNS IN TROPHIC STATE FOR RIVERS IN HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: A method is demonstrated for the development of nutrient concentration criteria and large scale assessment of trophic state in environmentally heterogeneous landscapes. The method uses the River Environment Classification (REC) as a spatial framework to partition rivers according to differences in processes that control the accrual and loss of algae biomass. The method is then applied to gravel bed rivers with natural flow regimes that drain hilly watersheds in New Zealand's South Island. An existing model is used to characterize trophic state (in terms of chlorophyll a as a measure of maximum biomass) using nutrient concentration, which controls the rate of biomass accrual, and flood frequency, which controls biomass loss. Variation in flood frequency was partitioned into three classes, and flow data measured at 68 sites was used to show that the classes differ with respect to flood frequency. Variation in nutrient concentration was partitioned at smaller spatial scales by subdivision of higher level classes into seven classes. The median of flood frequency in each of the three higher level classes was used as a control variable in the model to provide spatially explicit nutrient concentration criteria by setting maximum chlorophyll a to reflect a desired trophic state. The median of mean monthly soluble reactive phosphorus and soluble inorganic nitrogen measured at 68 water quality monitoring sites were then used to characterize the trophic state of each of the seven lower level classes. The method models biomass and therefore allows variation in this response variable to provide options for trophic state and the associated nutrient concentrations to achieve these. Thus it is less deterministic than using reference site water quality. The choice from among these options is a sociopolitical decision, which reflects the management objectives rather than purely technical considerations.     

长大隧道岩爆灾害研究进展

岩爆是长大隧道施工中发生频率较高的突发性地质灾害;岩爆研究对于隧道的勘测设计、施工组织及安全生产具有重要的现实意义.岩爆机理研究是岩爆预测及控制技术发展的基础;由于现有理论的不完善,以之为基础的预报体系及控制技术还不能对岩爆灾害进行准确预报和有效控制.岩石静力学理论在岩爆研究中是重要的,但它还不能阐明岩爆的全部机理.钻爆法开挖过程中,各炮层的顺序起爆、周边眼起爆后开挖轮廓面的瞬时大幅卸载及岩爆事件本身所产生的各类高幅值、陡波前应力波以及它们的叠加效应对于围岩,尤其是处于双向受压、一侧临空、具有发生破坏潜势的既有炮次围岩的扰动作用应该是显著的.围岩也许不会在上述动荷载的一次作用下就发生宏观破坏,但这些应力波的多次扰动,却会在微观-细观尺度上引起围岩累积性损伤的加剧与局部应力环境的恶化,并最终导致裂纹的大规模瞬时动力扩展,伴随晶间、粒间瞬态应变能的高速释放,围岩便会以岩爆的形式失稳.因此,系统进行岩爆灾害的岩石动力学机理研究是必要的.     

基于系统动力学模型的影剧院人员疏散策略

随着社会的发展,人们对生命的重视程度日益增强,大型公共场所临灾情况下人员疏散问题的研究也越来越有实际意义.分析以往影剧院火灾事故可以发现,不正确的疏散逃生行为所引起的通道堵塞,是导致人员大量伤亡的一个主要原因.根据系统动力学原理,应用STELLA系统软件,建立了基于粗网络模型的人员疏散模型.以影剧院发生火灾为例,分析了采取不同疏散策略所产生的避难效果差异,找出了最佳的疏散策略.所提研究方法和建立的模型,对于合理设计疏散路线和优化建筑物的出口与通道结构具有一定的实用价值.     

固定化藻类去除氮、磷的研究进展

综述了近20年来固定化藻类去除氮、磷的主要研究,归纳分析了相关的研究数据和结果,分别从固定化技术、藻类的生理特征、去除机理、影响因素、生物反应器等方面做了具体介绍.     

Sustainability of Current Agricultural Practices in The Cameron Highlands, Malaysia

Cameron Highlands is a mountainous region with steep slopes. Gradients exceeding 20^∘ are common. The climate is favourable to the cultivation of tea, sub-tropical vegetables and flowers (under rain-shelter). Crop production is sustained by high fertiliser and manure applications. However, agriculture in this environment is characterised by high levels of soil erosion and environmental pollution. A study on the sustainability of these agro-ecosystems was conducted. Results indicated that soil loss was in the range of 24–42 ton/ha/yr under vegetables and 1.3 ton under rain-shelter. Sediment load in the vegetable sub-catchment reached 3.5 g/L, 50 times higher than that associated with flowers under rain-shelter and tea. The sediments contained high nutrient loads of up to 470 kg N/ha/yr. The N, P and K lost in runoff from cabbage farms was 154 kg/season/ha, whereas in chrysanthemum farms it was 5 kg. In cabbage farms, the N, P, and K lost through leaching was 193 kg/season/ha. The NO₃–N concentration in the runoff from the cabbage farms reached 25 ppm but less than 10 ppm in runoff from rain-shelters. Inorganic pollution in the rivers was within the acceptable limit of 10 ppm. The sustainability of the agro-ecosystems is in the order of tea { > } rain–shelter ≫ vegetables.     

Effects of Short- and Long-Term Disturbance Resulting from Military Maneuvers on Vegetation and Soils in a Mixed Prairie Area

Loss of grassland species resulting from activities such as off-road vehicle use increases the need for models that predict effects of anthropogenic disturbance. The relationship of disturbance by military training to plant species richness and composition on two soils (Foard and Lawton) in a mixed prairie area was investigated. Track cover (cover of vehicle disturbance to the soil) and soil organic carbon were selected as measures of short- and long-term disturbance, respectively. Soil and vegetation data, collected in 1-m² quadrats, were analyzed at three spatial scales (60, 10, and 1 m²). Plant species richness peaked at intermediate levels of soil organic carbon at the 10-m² and 1-m² spatial scales on both the Lawton and Foard soils, and at intermediate levels of track cover at all three spatial scales on the Foard soil. Species composition differed across the disturbance gradient on the Foard soil but not on the Lawton soil. Disturbance increased total plant species richness on the Foard soil. The authors conclude that disturbance up to intermediate levels can be used to maintain biodiversity by enriching the plant species pool.