IsAmmophila arenaria (Marram grass) a threat to South African dune fields?

Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) was introduced to South Africa from Europe as a means of stabilizing the Cape Flats in the 1870s, but was only successfully established in the 1890s as it was found that seeds from the first introductions did not readily germinate. By the end of the last century, it was successfully used as a dune stabilizing grass. It is now widely used in stabilization projects along the Cape coastline, being established by planting cuttings or whole plants. Because of problems experienced of marram becoming invasive, especially on the west coast of North America, and the fact that we have many invasive species which threaten our indigenous dune fields, studies have been initiated on this plant in South Africa. Most work to date has involved investigating the methods used to establish the plant in stabilization sites, and very little has been done on the biology of the species in this country. Marram is generally thought not to seed in South Africa, and thus its spread has been limited. However, in the light of recent reports of successful germination of the seed, detailed studies on the phenology of seed production and establishment in natural areas will be undertaken. Studies on the natural control by fungal species and nematodes will be carried out in conjunction with work done in the Netherlands, so that a comparison of the biology of the species in South Africa can be made with that in Europe, where it is used extensively to stabilize dunes. Nomenclature: Arnold & de Wet (1993) for vascular plants.     

铬在稳定塘系统中的迁移分布和归宿

含铬污水进入混合较好的稳定塘系统时,铬在其中累积,其累积规律可用如下数学模式描述: 稳定塘系统能较好地去除污水中的铬。被去除的铬主要转入塘底沉积物中。塘中放养凤眼莲能提高除铬效果,因为放养凤眼莲能使铬更充分有效地沉降。能否充分地运用有利于悬浮微粒聚结沉降的技术和措施,是设计除铬或类似重金属稳定塘系统成功与否的关键之一。     

中国南方某铀尾矿库周缘土壤重金属污染研究

选择中国南方某铀尾矿库周边2条背景剖面（B1、B2）和3条潜在污染剖面土壤剖面（S1、S2、S3）,通过比较各剖面中重金属元素分布,讨论铀尾矿库土壤中外源重金属元素的污染特征、迁移行为.研究表明：（1）相较于背景剖面,邻近铀尾矿库周缘土壤主、微量组分呈显著外源输入特征.（2）应用主成分法分析铀尾矿库周缘土壤外源重金属元素来源,发现尾矿库是该地区土壤重金属污染的直接来源,并向周缘土壤输送As、Pb、Sb、Cd、U等重金属污染元素.（3）分析铀尾矿库周缘土壤中尾矿库源重金属元素（As、Pb、Sb、Cd、U）同主、微量组分与理化参数的关系,发现潜在污染土壤中各金属元素与LOI（烧失量）、K、P呈较密切相关,与Na、Ca、Mn、pH、Fe存在次等相关性;由重金属淋溶迁移程度可知,重金属在潜在污染剖面（S1、S2）呈显著富集特征;各重金属横向迁出特征表明,其迁移至铀尾矿库周缘土壤具有不同的迁移方式.（4）铀尾矿库周缘近源土壤（距尾矿库30m左右）As、Pb、Sb、Cd、U呈显著污染,含量远大于国家农用地土壤环境质量评价标准和所在省份土壤元素背景值,应对该尾矿库潜在风险进行及时管控.     

某钼矿尾矿库地下水污染的随机模拟

为分析参数不确定性对地下水污染数值模拟模型输出结果的影响,以某钼矿尾矿库地下水污染问题作为研究实例,选取钼离子作为模拟因子,建立该钼矿尾矿库地下水污染数值模拟模型,对输出结果进行不确定性分析.为降低替代模型的维数,运用灵敏度分析法筛选出对模拟模型输出结果影响较大的2个参数作为模型中的随机参数.为减少反复调用数值模拟模型产生的计算负荷,分别运用克里格方法和支持向量机法建立模拟模型的替代模型,并比较二者的精度,选择精度较高的替代模型完成蒙特卡罗随机模拟.最后,对随机模拟的输出结果进行统计分析与区间估计,对地下水污染超标的风险进行评价.结果表明：置信度为80%时,井1,2,3浓度值的置信区间分别为0.71~2.29,0.28~1.02,1.55~3.25mg/L.此外,结合《地下水质量标准》以及污染物浓度分布函数曲线,井1,2,3中水质达到地下水质量标准Ⅴ类的概率分别为99.7%,97.1%,99.6%.本研究可为地下水污染防治提供更科学、全面的参考依据.     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及其围垦的养虾塘CH4排放通量的比较

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地及由其围垦而成的养虾塘为研究对象,2016年5月—2017年3月,分别采用静态箱-气相色谱法和悬浮箱/静态箱-气相色谱法对短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘白天CH_4排放通量进行观测,并同步测定短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水体/沉积物理化指标.观测期间短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘均表现为大气中CH_4的排放源,释放量变化范围分别为1.09~38.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.01~65.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值分别为(11.67±1.99)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(18.69±4.84)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),重复测量方差分析统计结果表明:虽然在整个观测时间尺度上,养虾塘CH_4排放通量与短叶茳芏湿地无显著性差异(p0.05),但是在养殖期养虾塘CH_4排放通量显著高于同期短叶茳芏湿地(p0.05),增加了68.0%.短叶茳芏湿地CH_4排放通量与沉积物温度、间隙水总磷含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),养虾塘水-气界面CH_4排放通量与养殖水水深呈显著负相关关系(p0.01).亚热带河口感潮沼泽湿地围垦成为陆基养虾塘后增加了CH_4排放通量.     

基于BP神经网络和SVR的Fund?o尾矿坝排水数据预测对比研究

针对尾矿库运行过程中安全预警问题,选取2015年巴西Samarco铁矿溃坝事故案例,研究BP神经网络和SVR方法在排水数据预测的适用性。综合分析了排水数据的复杂且非线性的特点,以库水位、降雨量和干滩长度为输入特征,采用上述2个模型对尾矿坝排水数据进行预测。研究结果表明:基于BP神经网络预测结果的最大相对误差不高于4.35%;基于SVR算法的最大相对误差不高于9.21%;Fundo坝的排水预测结果是可行的,BP神经网络的预测精度更高,而SVR模型的运算速度更快。研究结果可为矿山安全工作的快速响应和溃坝预警提供信息支撑和参考依据。     

湖北某重金属污染土壤稳定化/固化治理工程实例

为保证南水北调水源地水质安全,该项工程对湖北省郧县境内4个关停搬迁企业原址约16万m3重金属污染土壤进行了修复治理。污染土壤清挖标准为《展览会用地土壤环境质量标准》(HJ350—2007)A级标准,污染土壤无害化处理验收标准为浸出液浓度低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中IV类水体标准值。工程采用异位稳定化/固化技术对重金属污染土壤进行了无害化处理,所用稳定化/固化药剂为施工单位自主研发的硫系和铁系稳定化药剂;无害化处理后的近20万m3土壤采用安全填埋进行处置。工程的成功实施为南水北调库区水质安全提供了有力保障。     

Immobilization of potentially toxic metals using different soil amendments

The in situ stabilization of potentially toxic metals (PTMs), using various easily available amendments, is a cost-effective remediation method for contaminated soils. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of apatite and a commercial mixture of dolomite, diatomite, smectite basaltic tuff, bentonite, alginite and zeolite (Slovakite) on Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stabilization by means of decreasing their bioavailability in contaminated soil from an old lead and zinc smelter site in Arnoldstein, Austria. We also investigated the impact of 5% (w/w) apatite and Slovakite applications on soil functionality and quality, as assessed by glucose-induced soil respiration, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activity. Both amendments resulted in increased soil pH and decreased PTM potential bioavailability assessed by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid extraction and by sequential extractions in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. The efficiency of stabilization was reflected in the soil respiration rate and in enzymatic activity. The β-glucosidase activity assay was the most responsive of them.     

Copper mobilization affected by weather conditions in a stormwater detention system receiving runoff waters from vineyard soils (Champagne, France)

Copper, a priority substance on the EU-Water Framework Directive list, is widely used to protect grapevines against fungus diseases. Many vineyards being located on steep slopes, large amounts of Cu could be discharged in downstream systems by runoff water. The efficiency of stormwater detention basins to retain copper in a vineyard catchment was estimated. Suspended solids, dissolved (Cu_diss) and total Cu (Cu_tot) concentrations were monitored in runoff water, upstream, into and downstream from a detention pond. Mean Cu_tot concentrations in entering water was 53.6 μg/L whereas it never exceeded 2.4 μg/L in seepage. Cu_tot concentrations in basin water (>100 μg/L in 24% of the samples) exceeded LC₅₀ values for several aquatic animals. Copper was principally sequestered by reduced compounds in the basin sediments (2/3 of Cu_tot). Metal sequestration was reversible since sediment resuspension resulted in Cu remobilization. Wind velocity controlled resuspension, explained 70% of Cu_diss variability and could help predicting Cu mobilization.     

国内尾矿库物理模型试验研究现状分析*

为提高尾矿库物理试验的科学性与可靠性，采用文献资料收集与分析方法，对国内尾矿库物理模型试验的研究现状与主要成果进行梳理和归纳；总结试验模型存在的问题与不足。结果表明:溃坝机理试验主要研究了管涌渗透、洪水漫顶、地震作用下的溃坝及其演化过程；下游演进试验主要揭示了溃坝过程中泥深、冲击力、流速、泄砂量、淹没范围等时空分布规律；稳定性评价试验主要利用物理试验得到的浸润线位置、尾砂沉积分布等数据建立数值模型，对尾矿库筑坝过程、不同工程状况下的稳定性进行分析；防护试验主要对坝体加筋及拦挡坝防护效果等进行研究。从溃坝机理与过程、溃坝主要影响因素、溃坝下泄物运移过程、物理模型设计和构建、监测技术和手段等方面提出相应的研究建议，供研究学者参考借鉴。