Effects of three different nanoparticles on bioaccumulation,oxidative stress,osmoregulatory, and immune responses of Carcinus aestuarii

Abstract

In this study, the toxicity of CuO (40?nm), α-Al₂O₃ (40?nm), and α-Fe₂O₃ (20–40?nm) nanoparticles was comparatively investigated on Carcinus aestuarii. Crabs were semi-statically exposed to 1?mg/L of each for 14?days and their accumulation and distribution in tissue and hemolymph, potential oxidative stress mechanism, total hemocyte counts and types, and the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory responses were determined. The tissue distribution of CuO nanoparticles was hepatopancreas?>?hemolymph?≥?gill?> muscle, for α-Fe₂O₃ gill?>?hepatopancreas?>?muscle?> hemolymph, and for α-Al₂O₃ gill?>?muscle?≥?hemolymph?> hepatopancreas. While α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ NPs, induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas tissue, the oxidative damage caused by the CuO nanoparticles was minimal. All three nanoparticles, copper in particular, elicit osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory toxicity at this concentration, due to the inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the gill and depletion of hemolymph and carcass ion concentrations.     

栉孔扇贝内参基因稳定性研究

合适的内参基因对准确定量目标基因表达水平非常重要。利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)分析了不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露条件下栉孔扇贝性腺组织中β-actin、β-TUB、EF-lα、18SrRNA和GAPDH5个内参基因的表达水平,并利用RefFinder软件对其表达稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:在所考察的内参基因中,EF-lα在栉孔扇贝不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露下的表达均最为稳定,可作为定量目标基因表达水平的内参基因之一。     

Inhibition of tetrachloromethane-induced cross-linking of microsomal fatty acids by the spin-trap α-phenyl- N - t -butylnitrone

The effect of the spin-trap α-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone (PBN) on the formation of fatty acid dimers induced by the anoxic microsomal metabolism of tetrachloromethane was investigated in vitro, in particular, with respect to cross-linking of arachidonic acid with a second one (C₂₀–C₂₀) and of arachidonic acid with docosahexaenoic acid (C₂₀–C₂₂). PBN exerted no effect on anaerobic tetrachloromethane metabolism but inhibited dimer formation, half-maximally at a concentration of 0.1 mmol L^?1. Trichloromethyl octadecenoic acid was also found, but at levels 10-fold lower than the fatty acid dimers. The data suggest that the hepato-protective effect of PBN against tetrachloromethane-toxicity may be due to its ability to scavenge fatty acid radicals, resulting in stable, non-reactive entities, which do not undergo secondary reactions such as cross-linking. The data confirm and extend previous findings that crosslinking plays an important role in tetrachloromethane toxicity and similar cases of metabolic radical-induced toxicity.     

Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2)-induced changes affecting Cu2+-mediated alterations in bacterium Bacillus subtilis and α-amylase

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles possess the potential to coexist with Copper (Cu²⁺) in soil. The individual and combined toxicity of these two chemicals was evaluated using the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, a known soil model bacterium. Cu²⁺ (6.25–50?µg?mL^?1) alone produced toxicity to bacteria as evidenced by the decreased cell viability and deceased α-amylase production. The addition of TiO₂ (50?mg?mL^?1) enhanced the Cu²⁺-induced decrease in cell viability but elevated amylase activity. TiO₂ did not markedly affect the growth rate and lag period. A primary cause of TiO₂ increasing Cu²⁺ toxicity is presumed to be associated with hydroxyl radical formation, while increased amylase activity is considered to arise from Cu²⁺ facilitating TiO₂ degradation ability.     

焦化厂多环芳烃污染场地的环境评价实证研究

通过实地调查某焦化厂污染场地污染现状,结果表明：该场地土壤和地下水以多环芳烃（PAHs）有机类污染为主,土壤中苯并（仅）芘和多环芳烃污染以1．5m以内表层土污染为主,随着深度的增加浓度逐渐降低,弱透水层表现出良好的阻隔作用。沿着地下水流动方向,地下水中多环芳烃浓度逐渐降低,经过约400m的迁移,由17296μg／L降至111μg/L;苯并（α）芘经过200m的迁移,由18．3μg／L降至0,地下水流动导致污染物在包气带横向扩散。1号孔、3号孔和4号孔所在地表层土壤中苯并（α）芘的单个污染物的致癌风险分别为0．0278、0．0209和1．496,远远超出可接受水平,因此上述孔位所在地附近表层土壤需重点治理。     

用于有机磷农药残留检测酯酶的筛选

利用农药对酯酶活力的抑制反应,测定了不同浓度的敌敌畏对游离的不同动物肝脏酯酶的酶活性。实验采用从动物肝脏中提取的粗酶液在水解后与显色剂固兰B盐作用,用分光光度计测定其在595nm处的吸光度。结果表明,猪肝中α-乙酸萘酯酶(α-NA Esterase)的活力较高,且对较低浓度的敌敌畏也有较好的灵敏度。鸡肝和鸭肝α-乙酸萘酯酶对敌敌畏浓度变化不是很明显。     

鼠李糖脂对底泥中17α-炔雌醇生物降解性的作用

采用HPLC-ESI-MS分析了铜绿假单胞杆菌诱变株MIG-N146的发酵液粗提物,发现其中含有15种鼠李糖脂同系物,临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.125mmol.L-1,最小平均表面张力为29.2mN.m-1,表面活性良好.同时,通过摇瓶实验,考察了不同浓度鼠李糖脂(RL)对底泥中17α-炔雌醇(EE2)生物降解性的影响.结果表明,随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增加,EE2的生物降解速率常数k值逐渐增大,可生物降解性增强.在浓度低于2.0mmol.L-1的鼠李糖脂作用下,EE2的生物降解效率仅稍有提高;而浓度高于6.0mmol.L-1后,水/底泥混合体系中EE2的生物降解速率提高至1.346d-1以上,是无鼠李糖脂时的2.9倍以上.当鼠李糖脂浓度达到10.0mmol.L-1时,2d内混合体系中EE2的降解率可达到90%.HPLC-PDA检测显示,鼠李糖脂易被微生物降解,不会在环境中长期残留;EE2降解过程中检测出2种中间产物,鼠李糖脂会影响EE2代谢中间产物的相对含量,但不会改变EE2的代谢途径.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

氧化还原过程对好氧微生物产物光敏性的影响

从好氧活性污泥微生物和纯种大肠杆菌中提取溶解性微生物产物(SMP),考察光化学和电化学氧化还原过程对SMP官能团,组分和光化学活性的影响机制.结果显示,活性污泥微生物SMP(Ae)与大肠杆菌SMP(E)的SUVA₂₅₄和E2/E3分别为4.03与0.79和1.60与3.04,表明SMP(Ae)比SMP(E)芳香性和分子量更高,光照和电化学改性过程明显降低了蛋白类组分的荧光响应,进行改变了SMP的芳香性和腐殖化程度.两种改性过程可以增强SMP在光照条件下活性氧化物种(³SMP*、¹O₂和·OH)的浓度,其中[¹O₂]_ss由改性前的1.70mol/L提高到改性后的18.47mol/L,[·OH]_ss由改性前的3.57mol/L提升到438.25mol/L.17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的光降解效率在改性SMP的介导下最高提升了近5倍.本研究完善了污水处理厂出水中SMP的环境转化过程及其介导痕量有机污染物的自然光降解过...     

炔雌醇和壬基酚在土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

通过吸附动力学研究和批量平衡试验,以炔雌醇(EE2)和壬基酚(NP)为代表,考察内分泌干扰物在3种不同性质的天然土壤中的吸附-解吸特征.结果表明,双室一级动力学模型比单室一级动力学模型更适合描述EE2、NP在土壤中的动态吸附过程.快吸附过程在吸附初期占据主导地位,之后慢吸附室的相对贡献逐渐增大,直至达到吸附平衡.土壤对NP的吸附速率是EE2的2.0～4.7倍.Freundlich模型和DA模型均能较好地拟合EE2与NP的吸附等温线,但DA模型拟合效果更佳.饱和吸附容量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,EE2的饱和吸附容量(0.85～7.67μg·g-1)明显低于NP(10.47～110.15μg·g-1).吸附自由能计算表明,土壤对EE2和NP的吸附以物理作用为主.此外,3种受试土壤对EE2和NP的解吸附均存在滞后现象,需要预防其潜在的环境风险,其中有机质含量最高、比表面积最大的土样滞后性最明显.