淮河/太湖流域水污染防治监管机制的公众调查研究

在淮河/太湖流域选择有代表性的44个市(县),开展了水污染防治监管机制的公众意见调查。结果表明:全民监管机制的缺乏是影响太湖/淮河防治计划全面落实的主要因素,加强水污染监管体制建设,形成"部门齐抓共管、环保统一监管、企业具体治理、新闻舆论监督、公众积极参与"的流域水环境监管机制,是有效防治淮河/太湖流域水环境污染、促进流域经济与社会协调发展的重要保障。     

石羊河流域水坝建设生态经济影响综合评价

客观评价水坝建设对区域生态、经济的影响问题,对于完善我国水利工程环境影响评价和促进水坝与生态系统的和谐发展具有重要意义.本研究根据水坝对干旱内陆河流域生态、经济影响的特点,建立了评价指标体系,对石羊河流域水坝修建初(20世纪60—70年代)和水坝运行40年后(2000—2010年)生态、经济状况进行对比评估.结果表明:1植被和水资源指数在水坝建设生态影响评价指标中具有非常重要的作用,生物丰富度指数、水网密度指数和地表水空间分布在指标层各评价因子中占据最高权重.2流域水坝建设使得区域社会经济指数有较大提高,而自然规律、生物资源和人居环境则均有不同程度的降低,反映出水坝建设对区域生态经济的促进是建立在不断消耗自然资源基础之上的,也就是说经济增长是以区域的生态环境逐步恶化为前提的,缺少生态可持续性.     

实施环境网格化管理——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

随着流域水环境精细化管理的推进,基于控制单元的网格化管理模式已在国家、地方环保工作中得到广泛应用。文章深入剖析了环境网格化管理的重要作用,探索性提出了适应新形势下环境管理需求的网格划分技术体系,以及基于控制单元的网格化管理体系,为推进《水污染防治行动计划》实施及提升我国环境管理水平提供借鉴     

太湖百渎港湿地植物群落沉积物中碳、氮的空间变化研究

采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,以太湖百渎港湿地植被恢复区为研究区,研究湿地植物群落沉积物中有机碳、全氮和碳氮比的空间分布.结果表明:(1)研究区有机碳变化范围为1.53～63.42 g·kg-1,全氮变化范围为0.37～5.42g·kg-1,碳氮比变化范围为1.55-77.50,全氮、有机碳和碳氮比都存在空间上中等程度的变异性.(2)有机碳含量整体上最高是在沉水植物群落和芦苇群落分布区,茭草群落、荷花群落分布区次之,最低在香蒲群落分布区和对照区;全氮分布与有机碳具有一定的相似性,整体最高在芦苇群落分布区,最低在对照区.     

证据权法在滑坡易发性分区中的应用——以贵州桐梓河流域为例

应用证据权法对研究区进行滑坡易发性分区。主要数据源有:历史滑坡灾害点编录数据、地质图、地形图、数字高程模型。首先对数据源进行处理,生成地层岩性、离断层距离、高程、坡度、坡向、离道路距离、离河流距离7个证据图层。应用Arc GIS平台,将各证据图层与滑坡灾害点图层进行叠加分析,利用累积权重法对连续数据进行分级,然后求取对连续数据及分类数据因子等级对滑坡灾害贡献的权重值,然后对各证据图层两两进行条件独立性检验,选择4组证据图层组合,参与最终易发性指数计算,得到4幅易发性结果图。应用成功率曲线法对计算结果进行验证,表明由因子组合1得出的计算结果,为最优的因子组合。根据易发性指数将研究区分为高易发性、中等易发性、低易发性三类,并将分区图与历史灾害点进行叠加分析,结果表明评价结果与灾害点分布较为吻合,说明证据权法应用与滑坡灾害易发性分区的可行性。     

水利工程群应对干旱能力评价方法及应用

基于水利工程群应对干旱能力的影响因素分析,从水利工程的布局、规模和运行管理两个层面构建水利工程群应对干旱能力评价指标体系。综合层次分析法和熵值法两种确定权重的方法,确定各评价指标的组合权重,采用模糊综合评价法构建了水利工程群应对干旱能力评价模型。该评价模型在漳卫河流域的应用结果表明,该流域整体应对干旱能力水平较弱,未来需要加强对现有水利工程体系的科学调度管理,并充分利用流域外调水提高干旱应对能力。     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

Using Fly Ash as a Marker to Quantify Culturally‐Accelerated Sediment Accumulation in Playa Wetlands

Wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska are vulnerable to sediment accumulation from the surrounding watershed. Sediment accumulation has a negative impact on wetland quality by decreasing the depth and volume of water stored, and the plant community species composition and density growing in the wetland. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of sediment that has accumulated in five selected wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska. Soil cores were taken at five or six locations along transects across each wetland. This study used the fly ash, which is generated by coal‐burning locomotives that were present generally in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as a marker to quantify the sediment deposition rates. The cores were divided into 5 cm sections and the soils were analyzed using a fly ash extraction and identification technique. Results indicate that the average depth of sediment ranged from 23.00 to 38.00 cm. The annual average depth of sediment accumulation ranged from 0.18 cm/yr to 0.29 cm/yr. The annual sediment accumulation rate from both wind erosion and water erosion in these five sampling wetlands was between 1.946 and 3.225 kg/m²/yr. The results of this research can be used to develop restoration plans for wetlands. The fly ash testing technology can also be applied to other areas with the railroads across the United States.     

海河流域主要污染物排放强度及其源结构解析——以2007年为例

以海河流域污染源普查数据为基础,通过污染物排放量、排放密度和排放行业结构分析,系统解析流域污染源结构.结果表明,流域废污水来源复杂,污染物排放空间差异显著,工业行业结构性污染突出.流域北部废污水排放以生活污水为主,南部以工业废水为主,COD排放以工业源为主.污染物排放空间格局上,COD排放主要集中在北三河、子牙河及徒骇马颊河水系;氨氮排放在子牙河水系高度集中;重金属、氰化物、挥发酚仅在局部区域集中排放.污染物行业结构上,造纸、食品和石化是COD主要排放行业,占排放总量75%;石化、食品和皮革是氨氮排放主要行业,占排放总量80%;重金属主要排放行业为石化、皮革和冶金.根据污染物排放强度分布和排放结构,子牙河水系是海河流域污染治理重点区域,造纸、食品和石化行业是污染负荷削减重点行业.     

吉林省辽河流域生态系统服务价值对LUCC的响应分析

基于1989年和2012年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据研究了吉林省辽河流域土地利用变化特征,应用Constanza生态系统服务价值计算方法,估算了23a间研究区生态系统服务价值,分析土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.研究结果表明,1989—2012年辽河流域土地利用/植被覆盖发生了大幅变化,耕地、居民用地分别增加20.28%和7.09%,其增加值主要来自林地、草地、水域和湿地;生态系统服务价值整体呈下降的趋势,由125.30亿元降至114.41亿元,损失10.89亿元,动态度为-0.38%;其中双辽市损失最为严重,损失率达21.41%;耕地的开发导致湿地和水域退化,是生态系统服务价值下降的主要因素.