沙尘暴的成因与防治措施初探

针对今春我国北方地工百北京连续７次的扬尘和沙尘暴龙击，分析其成因及危害，提出了防治沙尘暴的具体措施及建议，为沙尘暴的有效治理提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

从地气耦合角度讨论沙漠的成因

沙漠的成因是干燥气候和强大风力的产物.中国的大沙漠多在地壳运动相对稳定的地区,如塔里木地区、准噶尔地区、阿拉善地区、鄂尔多斯地区以及内蒙古东部地区等,因此可以认为,可能还有地下因素参与了沙漠的形成.其形成机制可能是:地壳运动稳定地区地下的携热水汽或其他携带热量的气体不易逸出,这样就不易在稳定地区大气中造成低气压状态,因而不易吸引冷热气团来交会降雨以及不易形成水汽的垂直对流降雨,这些后果叠加在更大范围的气候干燥背景上,使这些地区更加干旱,于是形成大沙漠.这种沙漠的扩展又在一些原来不是沙漠的农业区形成沙漠或沙地.     

Association between plant species diversity and edaphic factors in the lower reaches of the Heihe River,northwestern China

The lower reaches of the Heihe River, in northwestern China, is characterised by unique local edaphic conditions that have influenced the development of local desert riparian forests. This study examines the variations in spatial variation patterns to reveal the relationships between plant species diversity and soil moisture/salinity/texture gradients at different soil depths, providing insights into the management and restoration of vegetation in ecosystems in the study area. The species–environmental relationships are investigated by redundancy analysis based on the plant species diversity matrix and the edaphic gradient matrix. A survey of 61 sampling plots identified 37 plant species in the study area. The distribution pattern of the plant species diversity are mainly affected by soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil texture at different soil depths. These edaphic factors are able to explain 98.47% of the total variation in the analysed vegetation dataset. Soil moisture, salinity, and texture content vary in terms of both the soil depths and the vegetation types in the study area. The plant community Class IV, xeric shrub, has the lowest soil water content among different vegetation types. The surface soil salinity differs for different plants and follows the order: Sophora alopecurides?>?Tamarix chinensis?>?Populus euphratica.     

Changes in desert steppe soil culturable bacteria from northwestern China and correlation with physicochemical parameters

Seasonal variations effects on desert steppe soil culturable bacteria in northwestern China and physicochemical parameters were investigated. Soil temperature ranged from 5.37 to 23.73 °C. Moisture content varied from 3.22% to 7.62%. The pH was between 7.98 and 8.72. Soil nutrients were altered in different seasons. Total potassium (K) remained the same, but available K levels ranged from 101.29 to 227.55 mg/kg. The culturable bacterial counts in January, April, July and October were 0.13 × 10⁷, 4.09 × 10⁷, 5.33 × 10⁷ and 1.8 × 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu)/g, respectively. Bacterial populations were most abundant in surface layers and declined with increase of soil depth. Seventy-two bacterial strains were isolated and classified according to 27 genera of 5 phyla groups: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidates. The bacterial diversities varied according to seasons. In spring, only Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were isolated. In summer, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were detected with Firmicutes the dominant species. In autumn and winter, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria predominated. Our results indicated that climatic variations, vegetation coverage and soil physicochemical parameters are critical factors for maintaining culturable bacterial populations and diversity in the desert steppe. Soil moisture content and temperature exerted marked influence on bacterial quantities and diversities.     

Past desertification processes of Minqin Oasis in arid China

Irrigated farming has affected most natural oases in western China since the Han Dynasty employed advanced agricultural techniques in dryland areas. To date, little is documented about the process through which these oases were modified by human systems. In this study, a multi-disciplinary approach incorporating analysis of historical documents, archaeological field surveys, satellite imagery, and GIS data was used to understand desertification processes in the Minqin Basin in Gansu Province, China, over the historical period. Results suggest that initial reclamation efforts around the Minqin Oasis were launched in the Han Dynasty (220–121 BC) and culminated in the Wei and Jin Dynasty (220–420). During the following 800 years from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–581) to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), farmland disappeared and became desert when the region was taken over by nomadic people. The second period of intense development occurred in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and was followed by another more aggressive development in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), which resulted in the largest reclaimed area in history. Oases were constantly reclaimed and subsequently abandoned and desertified over the whole historical period. The causes were complex, but the major cause was related to dynastic transition that often resulted in changes in national policies.     

荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素

为了解群落水平下荒漠河岸多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.）灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征及其影响因素,在黑河下游荒漠河岸3 800 m范围内,沿垂直河道方向上设置9个采样点,采用相关性分析、冗余分析（RDA）和偏冗余分析（pRDA）方法,对多枝柽柳群落的碳氮磷化学计量格局及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明:黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳群落TC、TN、TP含量平均值分别为380.27、30.42和1.54 mg/g,C:N、C:P和N:P平均值分别为12.98、257.09和20.04.与全球和区域尺度物种水平研究相比,黑河下游荒漠河岸多枝柽柳灌丛群落具有较低的TC含量、较高的TN含量和N:P以及相对稳定的TP含量.多枝柽柳灌丛群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变异系数相对较小,内稳性较强,相对较高的N:P（14.55~27.20）表明群落水平下多枝柽柳灌丛更倾向于受磷元素的限制.在沿河梯度上,多枝柽柳群落TC含量和TN含量均随沿河距离的增加呈显著下降的变化趋势,而C:N随沿河距离的增加呈波动上升的变化趋势;TP含量呈先降后升的变化趋势,而C:P和N:P大致呈先上升后下降的变化趋势.多枝柽柳灌丛群落的碳氮磷化学计量特征与土壤理化属性存在一定相关性,土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤pH是影响多枝柽柳群落碳氮磷化学计量特征变化的关键因子,三者共同解释了总变异的57.7%,其中土壤含水量解释了总变异的32.8%.研究显示,土壤水盐与多枝柽柳灌丛的碳氮磷化学计量特征关系密切,土壤含水量在解释多枝柽柳灌丛碳氮磷化学计量特征变化方面比土壤pH更为重要.      

沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量变化的原因分析

利用中国大陆气溶胶指数(TOMS AI)、太阳辐射、沙尘能见度、降水量等观测资料,对中国西北部沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量进行分析.结果表明,沙漠地区AI值不但取决于沙尘暴的发生,而且取决于太阳辐射.这表明沙尘暴起沙模型和尘卷风与干热对流的联合起沙模型互为补充,沙漠地区上空的沙尘气溶胶含量是它们共同作用的结果,而由太阳辐射引发的尘卷风与干热对流较沙尘暴过程更为重要.     

腾格里沙漠民勤沙丘CO_2浓度与昼夜变化规律研究

为查明沙漠区CO2浓度和对大气CO2的影响以及在全球碳循环中的作用,利用红外CO2监测仪于2009年9月对腾格里沙漠民勤实验点不同类型不同深度的沙层CO2含量变化进行了昼夜连续观测.根据12个钻孔CO2浓度的昼夜观测结果可知,民勤沙漠区不同观测点CO2浓度差异较大,各观测点昼夜CO2浓度变化在310×10-6～2 630×10-6之间;夜间沙层CO2浓度低,白天CO2浓度高;CO2浓度在深度上也有明显的差异,不同深度CO2浓度由大到小的顺序是:4 m(3m)2 m1m;与温带半湿润的西安地区相比,位于极端干旱区的民勤沙漠区CO2浓度显著低;CO2浓度昼夜变化明显,从当日09:00左右到次日09:00左右均呈现由低到高再到低的变化规律;在沙层水分一定的条件下,昼夜温度变化是造成沙层CO2浓度昼夜变化的主要原因,两者呈显著正相关关系;含水量较高沙层CO2浓度明显高于含水量较低沙层,沙层含水量高低是决定沙层CO2浓度的主要因素;4 m深度以上沙层CO2浓度均高于地表空气CO2浓度,表明极端干旱的沙漠区可能是CO2的来源区,也指示环境恶劣的裸露流动沙丘微生物活动产生的沙层CO2浓度仍然超过了大气CO2浓度.     

荒漠能源植物气化发电的环境影响评价

对荒漠生物质气化发电进行LCA评价,建立评价模型,在评价过程中选用了燃煤发电系统为参照.研究结果表明,生物质利用过程没有CO2的排放,整个发电周期中仅原料的生产、运输以及预处理过程消耗能量导致CO2排放,因此生物质气化发电方案的排放量远远小于燃煤方案,减排量达到了87%-94%.生物质发电与燃煤发电相比,对环境污染降低程度的总指数为3.68.生物质能源的开发大大削减了化石能源利用带来的环境污染问题,同时也能够缓解能源危机.     

长期不同施肥下灰漠土有机磷组分的变化

土壤有机磷是土壤磷素的重要供应源,也是植物吸收磷素的重要来源。对灰漠土16年长期不同施肥条件下,土壤有机磷的四种形态(活性有机磷、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷)进行了测定。结果表明,不施磷肥处理(CK、N)土壤有机磷组分有下降趋势,施磷肥处理(NP、NPK和NPKM)可以提高有机磷各组分的含量,但是只有氮磷钾配合有机肥施用效果显著,有机磷总量和中活性有机磷提高了60%左右。不同施磷下灰漠土有机磷组分均以中活性有机磷为主,其占有机磷的比例为80%～90%;四种有机磷含量次序为中活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷。土壤有机磷组分中,活性和中活性有机磷含量与速效磷的相关性达极显著水平(相关系数分别为0.9403**,0.9894**;n=5),说明土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷有效性相对较高,是植物有效磷的主要形态。