东江中游水质时空分异特征及影响因素研究

运用多元统计方法，对东江中游水质自动站（河源临江站和惠州剑潭站）2009-2012年水质监测数据进行时空分异特征及影响因素研究。结果表明：水站水质在Ⅰ类～Ⅲ类之间；空间特征差异为 T 与 TB 差异不显著，pH 值、EC、DO、IMn、NH3-N 及 TP均存在极显著差异；水期体征差异为河源临江站除 DO各水期差异显著外，其他指标差异不明显，惠州剑潭站 pH值、EC、IMn与 TP各水期均呈显著差异，NH3-N 水期差异不显著。Pearson 相关性分析表明，T 是制约河源临江站水体 DO的主要相关因子，营养盐作用相对较低；惠州剑潭站水体 DO 与 T、TP及 IMn呈极显著负相关关系。通过因子分析，识别出影响惠州剑潭水质的主因子，量化了水体理化性质、地表径流及人为污染对水质变化的贡献。     

Reconstructing historical trends of Berre lagoon contamination from surface sediment datasets: influences of industrial regulations and anthropogenic silt inputs

These last decades, the Berre lagoon (in southeastern France) has been deeply affected since the 1930s by strong inputs of contaminants associated with industrial development and since 1966 by huge inputs of freshwater and silts due to the installation of a hydroelectric power plant. Surveys of the surface sediment contamination have been sparsely performed since 1964 for management and research purposes. These surveys were performed by various laboratories that investigated different chemicals and sampling areas using different analysis protocols. Therefore, the available data are disconnected in time and space and differ in quality. In order to reconstruct coherent time series of sediment contamination from this heterogeneous datasets and to discuss the influences of industrial and hydroelectric discharges we used a statistical approach. This approach is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy clustering analysis on data from one extensive survey realized on surface sediments in 1976. The PCA allowed identifying two geochemical indexes describing the main surface sediment geochemical characteristics. The fuzzy clustering analysis on these indexes allowed identifying sub-areas under the specific influence of industrial or hydroelectric discharges. This allowed us to reconstruct, for each sub-area, a coherent and interpretable long-term time series of sediment contamination from the available database. Reconstructed temporal trends allowed us to estimate: (i) the overall decrease of sediment contamination since the mid-1970 attributed to industrial discharge regulations enacted at this period and (ii) the dilution of the concentrations of sediment bound contaminants induced by the hydroelectric power plant and its associated particulate matter inputs.     

综合水质标识指数法在浑河水质评价中的应用

综合评价水环境质量,全面把握流域水环境污染特征是水环境污染防治中的重要基础性工作。水质标识指数可以完整标识水质评价指标的类别、水质数据、功能区目标值等重要信息,在单因子水质标识指数法基础上建立的综合水质标识指数法能完整表达河流总体的综合水质信息,既不会因个别水质指标较差就否定综合水质,又能对综合水质做出合理的评价;既可以在Ⅰ到Ⅴ类中比较水质的优劣,亦可以对劣Ⅴ类进行评价。为系统全面地研究浑河流域各不同河段水环境特征,将浑河流域划分为3个控制单元,根据2001—2010年间水质监测数据,采用综合水质标识指数法,识别出各控制单元主要污染因子,并阐明了浑河流域水环境质量时空变化规律,本研究即体现了全流域统筹考虑的系统思想,又体现了分区研究的针对性特点,并首次将综合水质标识指数法应用于浑河流域水质综合评价,其研究结论对水质监测数据的评价有一定的借鉴作用,亦对流域水污染防治对策的提出有一定的指导意义。     

Understanding the patterns and characteristics of Natech events in China

With the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, natural hazard triggered technological accident (Natech) risk has attracted extensive attention from academia and industry. Natech events have the characteristics of various inducements and consequences, cascading chain reactions, and complex spatial interleaving, which leads to serious consequences. The Natech event is constantly threatening China's industrial safety production. However, the systematic analysis of Natech events in China is still lacking. The study counted 288 cases in the past 20 years and constructed Natech databases. Based on the theory of risk chain and risk system, a systematic horizontal and vertical analysis was developed for the first time. It aims to understand the characteristics of Natech events in terms of temporal and spatial, hazard factors, industry and risk material, consequences and hazard. In the results, Natech events showed a fluctuating trend. The southwest region (28.13%) and the middle Yellow River region (21.18%) belong to the critical control areas. China's industries were seriously affected by the disasters of meteorological (43.75%) and secondary, especially in the Chemical & Petrochemical and manufacturing. 64.58% of Natech events caused environmental pollution, and 13.19% of Natech events caused major or above consequences. Oil (31.25%) and hazardous chemicals (28.47%) were the main substances causing pollution, fire and explosion, which need to be controlled. The research preliminarily clarifies the risk chain and characteristics of Natech events, which provided the basis for Natech risk assessment.     

Significant concurrent decrease in PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic

The strict control measures and social lockdowns initiated to combat COVID-19 epidemic have had a notable impact on air pollutant concentrations. According to observation data obtained from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center, compared to levels in 2019, the average concentration of NO₂ in early 2020 during COVID-19 epidemic has decreased by 53%, 50%, and 30% in Wuhan city, Hubei Province (Wuhan excluded), and China (Hubei excluded), respectively. Simultaneously, PM_2.5 concentration has decreased by 35%, 29%, and 19% in Wuhan, Hubei (Wuhan excluded), and China (Hubei excluded), respectively. Less significant declines have also been found for SO₂ and CO concentrations. We also analyzed the temporal variation and spatial distribution of air pollutant concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic. The decreases in PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentrations showed relatively consistent temporal variation and spatial distribution. These results support control of NO_x to further reduce PM_2.5 pollution in China. The concurrent decrease in NO_x and PM_2.5 concentrations resulted in an increase of O₃ concentrations across China during COVID-19 epidemic, indicating that coordinated control of other pollutants is needed.     

Dechlorane Plus (DP) in air and plants at an electronic waste (e-waste) site in South China

Air and foliage samples (Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were collected from e-waste and reference sites in South China and analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP) and two dechlorinated DPs. DP concentrations in the air were 13.1-1794 pg/m³ for the e-waste site and 0.47-35.7 pg/m³ for the reference site, suggesting the recycling of e-waste is an important source of DP to the environment. Plant DP, with concentrations of 0.45-51.9 ng/g dry weight at the e-waste site and 0.09-2.46 ng/g at the reference site, exhibited temporal patterns similar to the air DP except for pine needle at the reference site. The air-plant exchange of DP could be described with the two-compartment model. Anti-Cl₁₁ DP was measured in most air and plant samples from the e-waste site. The ratios of anti-Cl₁₁ DP to anti-DP in the air and plants may indicate the preferential uptake of dechlorinated DP by plant compared with DP.     

Relationship between variations of Be, Pb and Pb concentrations and sub-regional atmospheric transport: Simultaneous observation at distant locations

In order to investigate the applicability of ²¹²Pb as a tracer for atmospheric transport in the sub-regional scale (few hundred kilometers in horizontal direction and up to ∼1 km by height), we measured the air concentrations of the short-lived radionuclide ²¹²Pb along with the long-lived ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb near the ground surface. For this purpose, simultaneous observations were continued for several days at three locations: a reference point representative for standard land surface atmosphere conditions, a second location at an altitude 650 m near the reference point, and on a solitary island ∼180 km from the reference point. Measurements of radioactivity in aerosol particle samples collected at intervals of 2-3 h with a high-volume air sampler were performed by extremely low background gamma-ray spectrometry with the use of Ge detectors located at the Ogoya Underground Laboratory. Concentration of ⁷Be or ²¹⁰Pb and their variation patterns was found to be similar among the three points during the whole observation period except for moment of the passage of a cold front. The results indicate that distributions of concentrations of the long-lived nuclides were uniform in this range. On the other hand, concentration levels and the variation patterns of the short-lived ²¹²Pb differed greatly from one location to another, reflecting differences in geographical location and altitude of the observation points. Additionally, there were certain indications that observed concentration of ²¹²Pb contained two components: an autogenous component from sources nearby and a heterogenous one from faraway sources carried by atmospheric horizontal transport. Results of this study provide experimental proof that ²¹²Pb can be used as a tracer of sub-regional atmospheric transport.     

Temporal evolution in PPCP removal from urban wastewater by constructed wetlands of different configuration: a medium-term study

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely distributed in urban wastewaters and can be removed to some extent by constructed wetlands (CWs). The medium-term (3-5 years) behaviour of these systems regarding PPCP removal is still unknown. Seven mesocosm-scale (1 m²) CWs of different configurations were operated outdoors for 39 months under the same conditions to assess their PPCP removal ability and temporal evolution. CWs differed in some design parameters, namely plant presence, species chosen (Typha angustifolia vs Phragmites australis), flow configuration and presence/absence of gravel bed (floating macrophytes surface flow, FM-SF; free-water surface flow, FW-SF; free-water subsurface flow, FW-SSF; or conventional horizontal subsurface flow, SSF). PPCP efficiencies decreased throughout time and performance differences among CWs disappeared with the systems aging. This could be due to a homogenization process in the systems caused by detrimental factors like saturation, clogging and shading. Winter efficiencies were lower than summer ones for salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide, and seasonal biological activities seem key factors to explain this fact. Maximal removal efficiencies were achieved in an unplanted-FW-SSF for ketoprofen (47-81%), naproxen (58-81%) and salicylic acid (76-98%); in an unplanted-SSF for caffeine (65-99%); in a Phragmites-FM-SF for ibuprofen (49-96%) and diclofenac (16-68%); in a Typha-FM-SF for carbamazepine (35-71%); and in a Typha-FW-SSF for methyl dihydrojasmonate (71-96%), galaxolide (67-82%) and tonalide (55-74%). Photodegradation could be involved in ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac removal. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were moderately removed by the most efficient CWs studied. Carbamazepine might be eliminated by vegetal uptake.     

Reprint of: Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in liver tissue of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Baltic Sea, 1974-2008

Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) were examined in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) liver from the Baltic Sea over a period of 35 years (1974-2008). In total, 17 of 43 PFCs were found, including the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (C₄-C₁₀ PFSAs), perfluorooctanesulfinate (PFOSi), long chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (C₇-C₁₄ PFCAs), and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA)), whereas saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylates, shorter chain PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids were not detected. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant compound (9.57-1444 ng g⁻¹ wet weight (ww)), followed by perfluorononanoate (PFNA, 0.47-109 ng g⁻¹ ww). C₆-C₈ PFSAs, PFOSi and C₇-C₁₃ PFCAs showed statistically significant increasing concentrations between 1974 and 1997, with a peak in 1997 and then decreased or levelled off (except for C₁₂ and C₁₃ PFCAs). FOSA had a different temporal trend with a maximum in 1989 followed by significant decreasing concentrations until 2008. Toxicological implications for grey seals are limited, but the maximal PFOS concentration found in this study was about 40 times lower than the predicted lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC). The statistically significant decreasing concentrations or levelling off for several PFCs in the relative closed marine ecosystem of the Baltic Sea indicate a rapidly responding to reduced emissions to the marine environment. However, the high concentrations of PFOS and continuing increasing concentrations of the longer chain PFCAs (C₁₂-C₁₄) shows that further work on the reduction of environmental emissions of PFCs are necessary.     

Hydraulic characterisation of the Stuttgart formation at the pilot test site for CO2 storage, Ketzin, Germany

The paper presents an approach for the interpretation of hydraulic tests of a CO₂ storage reservoir. The sandstone reservoir is characterised by a fluviatile channel structure embedded in a low-permeability matrix. Pumping tests were carried out in three wells, with simultaneous pressure monitoring in each well.The hydraulic parameters (permeability and storativity) and the boundary configurations were calibrated using three different approaches: (i) parameter calibration and type curve interpretation for single-hole tests, (ii) calibration of the entire build-up phase for cross-hole tests, and (iii) calibration of the initial pressure response for cross-hole pumping tests. In addition, the arrival time of the pressure response was determined and provides additional information about the pathways of hydraulic connection.The measured pumping test permeabilities of the formation were much lower than those measured on the cores, which is very unusual. The pumping test permeabilities are mainly between 50 mD and 100 mD (millidarcy), while core samples show a mean aquifer permeability of 500–1100 mD. Based on this it was concluded that some kind of continuous low-permeability structure exists, which was supported by core material. Three possible aquifer configurations were considered. The first and second were derived from traditional pumping test analysis and were conceptualised using flow boundaries. Each of the analyses provides a different result. A method was developed in which these differences were resolved by interpreting the pressure response with respect to its spatial and temporal sensitivity. This solution lead to a third configuration which was mainly based on spatially-variable permeabilities. Taking into account the pumping test results, the geological background and the behaviour of injected CO₂, we consider only the third configuration to be realistic. The results are in good agreement with modelled CO₂ arrival times and pressure history.