Spatiotemporal dynamics of spring and stream water chemistry in a high-mountain area

The present study deals with the application of the self-organizing map (SOM) technique in the exploration of spatiotemporal dynamics of spring and stream water samples collected in the Chocho?owski Stream Basin located in the Tatra Mountains (Poland). The SOM-based classification helped to uncover relationships between physical and chemical parameters of water samples and factors determining the quality of water in the studied high-mountain area. In the upper part of the Chocho?owski Stream Basin, located on the top of the crystalline core of the Tatras, concentrations of the majority of ionic substances were the lowest due to limited leaching. Significantly higher concentration of ionic substances was detected in spring and stream samples draining sedimentary rocks. The influence of karst-type springs on the quality of stream water was also demonstrated.     

应用R型聚类分析探讨两岩体之间的成因关系

本文主要通过R型聚类分析,讨论了成分上相似、区域上伴生、空间上不直接相连的含矿花岗斑岩体与毗邻大花岗岩基之间的成因关系。分析结果与其它方面提供的证据十分吻合,说明用聚类分析来探讨空间上不直接相连的两岩体之间的成因关系,许不失为一个好方法。     

哀牢山北段山地的地温气候资源分析

本文根据哀牢山北段东西坡山地不同海拔8个气象站的同期地温与气温资料,讨论了该山地的地温与气温差、地温及地积温气候资源。     

西昆仑地区土地资源

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区,山势巍峨,交通边远不便,过去对其拥有的土地资源缺乏详尽地考察和系统地了解。现根据1987年的考察资料,对西昆仑地区土地资源的社会经济地位、垂直分异规律及其主要类别予以初步总结。     

湖南南岭草地植被类型的数量分类、排序及其合理利用

湖南南岭山区的地带性植被是常绿阔叶林,由于不合理的利用,森林遭受严重破坏而出现了大面积的草山,面积约1497.2万亩(99.8万ha),占土地总面积的1/4强。本文运用二元指示种分析TWINSPAN和无倾向对应分析DCA的数学方法对草地植被进行分类与排序。利用48个样方和150个植物种的资料进行计算,在第4级水平上划分出12个主要草地植被类型,其中将近似的类型合并成10个类型。在第1级水平上明显地将海拔1000m以上的与600m以下的分成2大组;在其它水平上则根据其他不同生态因子(岩性、pH值等)将出现的区别种逐级分开。所得结果与定性分类基本相同,说明该方法是适用于亚热带草地分类的。 不同类型在开发利用上有很大差异,高海拔的植被类型应以造林或封山育林为主,并可适当发展木本药材;在平缓的山原上虽可开辟人工草地发展畜牧业,但必须要防止水土流失,坡度在25。以上的应封育;15—20°的地方可以发展林业与畜牧业;在海拔300—600m的丘陵岗地类型上可以发展薪炭林、经济林;在海拔300m以下,水源充足的地方可以发展果木林(柑桔等),缓坡丘陵地类型可建立人工草地,但应与林业相结合,在农区可进行粮草轮作。总之,应该建立人工生态系统,以提高经济效益和生态效益。     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

中条山东段植被垂直带的数量分类研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用有序样方聚类法对中条山东段植 垂直带进行了数量分类研究,结果为：１．落叶阔叶林带,包括４个亚带：（１）侧柏林带（５００￣８００ｍ）,（２０松栎林带（８００￣１８００ｍ）,（３）栓皮林带（１４００￣２０００ｍ）和（４）杨桦林带（１９００￣２２００ｍ）;２．山地草甸带（２１００￣２３５８ｍ）。此外,与前人的划分结果进行了比较,结果表明,有序样方聚类法的结果更符合实际情况。     

Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among-population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (N_e), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increase N_e. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.     

阿尔金山保护区地表水部分重金属背景值调查与分析

根据实地考察,采集了阿尔金山保护区主要地表水体的水质样本。受考察期限和水质样本保存要求与期限限制,只对样本中铜、锌、镉等重金属指标进行了检测,分析了各指标与《地表水环境质量标准》中不同标准限值的关系,及其在地理空间上的分布规律。本次考察分析的结果可作为后期水质考察的背景信息,是进一步开展保护区水环境调查和研究的基础。     

基于Logistic回归模型的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测研究*

为实现对大兴安岭地区林火发生概率的基本预测,根据该地区历史火灾资料、地形因子、气象因子和人为因子,基于Logistic回归模型建立该地区林火发生概率预测模型。研究结果表明:坡度、海拔、平均气压、平均气温、平均相对湿度、最小相对湿度是该地区林火发生的主要驱动因子;坡度、海拔、平均气压、平均气温与林火发生概率呈正相关,平均相对湿度和最小相对湿度与林火发生概率呈负相关;ROC曲线下面积值（AUC）为0.91,最佳临界值为0.425;建立的大兴安岭地区林火发生概率预测模型,建模样本总体准确率为82.4%,验证样本总体准确率为80.5%;该地区夏季林火发生概率明显高于春、秋季;林火发生概率较高的Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级火险区主要集中在夏季该地区东南部、西部以及春、秋季该地区东南部。研究结果可为该地区林火预测提供1种参考方法。