X80钢在库尔勒和高pH值土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

通过浸泡质量损失法、动电位极化和交流阻抗等方法研究了X80管线钢在库尔勒和高pH值（0.5mol/L Na2CO3＋1 mol/L NaHCO3）土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为,并对宏观腐蚀形貌进行了观察,采用X-射线衍射仪测试了腐蚀产物膜的组成。结果表明,X80管线钢在高pH值土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀很轻微,而在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中则发生了严重的腐蚀,其腐蚀速率约是高pH值土壤模拟溶液中的3倍。这主要是因为X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中表现出活性溶解状态,形成的腐蚀产物膜疏松、易脱落,保护性很差;在高pH值土壤模拟溶液中则很容易钝化,形成的碳酸亚铁腐蚀产物膜具有一定的阻隔效应,产生了明显的保护作用,腐蚀速率因此很低。     

吐温80降解菌的分离及其性能的初步研究

从生活污水污染的土壤中分离纯化得到一株高效降解非离子表面活性剂吐温80的菌株,经鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp.),其降解吐温80的最适温度和pH值为30℃和6.5。该菌株在吐温80浓度高于5000mg/L情况下仍然可以旺盛生长。72h内可以将5000m g/L吐温80溶液降解98.6%,使其剩余浓度<70mg/L。     

X80管道焊接残余应力分析与预测

针对焊接残余应力对油气管道的不利影响,采用基于有限元方法对西气东输X80 管道焊接接头的轴向和径向残余应力进行了数值模拟,并通过参数敏感性分析,研究了 焊接线能量和层间温度的对轴向残余应力和径向残余应力的影响规律。结果表明:轴向 残余应力随着焊接线能量和层间温度的升高而增大,而径向残余应力呈减小趋势;近焊 缝区的径向残余应力较中间层小,轴向残余应力较远焊缝区大。根据研究结果,提出了 最大残余应力的预测模型和减小焊接残余应力的措施,为保障我国在役X80油气管道的 安全生产具有重要意义。     

基于有限元分析的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式构建

为了更加精确地计算X80高钢级管道剩余强度,以有限元分析理论基础为依据,采用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件对含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行仿真模拟。基于X80高钢级管道有限元模型计算结果,选用1stOpt软件,用拟合的方法构建出以腐蚀缺陷长度、腐蚀缺陷深度、管径、壁厚等因素为变量的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式,将拟合公式与PCORRC,DNV RP-F101和LPC-1等3种评价方法的准确性进行对比、验证和分析。结果表明:拟合公式的误差较小,具有较好的适用性。研究结果对改进现有评价方法具有参考作用。     

Effects of microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on biologically- and chemically-assisted phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by maize (Zea Mays L.)

Assisted phytoremediation has been widely used for decontamination of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on the phytoremediation of a Pb-polluted calcareous soil by maize. The results showed that application of surfactant increased both root and shoot dry matter yields. Microbial inoculations, however, had no significant effect on the root or shoot dry matter yield. Mean Pb uptake in maize root or shoot increased only following the application of some surfactant levels. Inoculation with microorganisms significantly increased both mean Pb concentration and uptake in maize root but not in maize shoot. Application of 4?mmol surfactant kg?1 along with inoculation with Priformospora indica was effective in increasing Pb phytostabilisation potential. While the application of 2?mmol surfactant kg^?1 along with inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens was effective in increasing Pb phytoextraction potential. The fact that the values of translocation efficiencies were low in all treatments, demonstrated the low capability of maize for translocation of Pb from root to shoot. Inoculation with P. fluorescens was the most effective treatment in increasing metal micronutrient uptake. Microbial inoculation and surfactant levels enhanced Pb phytoremediation mostly through phytostabilisation of this metal by maize.     

表面活性剂强化污泥生物淋滤Cu、Zn的研究

通过接种经Tween-80驯化培养的污泥混合硫杆菌,研究了不同浓度表面活性剂Tween-80对污泥生物淋滤过程中重金属Cu、Zn溶出效果的影响.同时探讨了Tween-80对混合硫杆菌氧化元素硫能力的影响.结果表明,投加0.5~8.0g/L Tween-80能促进硫杆菌氧化元素硫,并随着投加量的增加,元素硫的氧化率提高.但是在污泥生物淋滤实验中,随着Tween-80投加量增加,这种促进作用先加强后被抑制.Tween-80最佳投加量为6.0g/L,这时元素硫的生物氧化率显著提高,污泥酸化加快,经过8d的淋滤,Cu和Zn的淋滤效果可达到最佳,溶出率分别为91.9%和90.4%,而对照组在第10d淋滤效果达到最佳,分别为80.1%和85.2%.但是当Tween-80浓度大于6.0g/L时,硫杆菌的生长和繁殖受到抑制,使生物淋滤反应速度减缓,去除效率较低.     

煤质样品中汞的直接测定

采用DMA-80型直接测汞仪测定煤中汞含量,样品经过筛（100目）预处理,干燥温度和时间分别为200 ℃和30 s,分解温度和时间分别为650 ℃和90 s,基体元素对测定无明显干扰。方法在高质量浓度（0.200 mg/L～10.0 mg/L）和低质量浓度（0.400 μg/L～200 μg/L）范围内均线性良好,对0.100 g煤质样品的最低检出限为0.4 μg/kg,平行测定的RSD＜5%,加标回收率＞97%,与原子荧光法的测定结果相一致。     

地下水中Tween80对DNAPL运移和分布的影响

选用地下环境中普遍存在的四氯乙烯（PCE）为典型DNAPLs污染物,建立二维砂箱模型,研究一种人为引入表面活性剂Tween 80对粗砂介质中DNAPLs迁移和分布的影响.测定了含不同浓度Tween 80水溶液/石英砂/PCE三相体系下的液/液界面张力及PCE在石英介质表面的接触角,结果表明PCE在石英砂表面的接触角随着Tween 80浓度的增大而增大,PCE/水的界面张力随着Tween 80浓度的增大而减小,Tween 80浓度在CMC值附近时变化急剧.随后的二维砂箱实验定量描述地下水中表面活性剂Tween 80对PCE的迁移和最终形态的影响.由于Tween 80可以使石英砂介质由水相润湿转变为中间润湿或油相润湿态,相应地在20~30目的粗砂均质介质中Tween 80对DNAPLs迁移存在明显影响.背景溶液中表面活性剂的存在使得DNAPL的垂直运移速度减小,垂向迁移距离减小,最终使得被截留在运移路径上的残留PCE增加.和纯水流情况下相比,地下水中含有表面活性物剂Tween 80时,使得DNPAL污染羽向水流方向偏移减弱,污染羽展布面积与纯水情形下相比,在垂向上均明显减小,并且以较大饱和度残留的DNAPL量增加.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

Exposing ecological and economic costs of the research‐implementation gap and compromises in decision making

The frequently discussed gap between conservation science and practice is manifest in the gap between spatial conservation prioritization plans and their implementation. We analyzed the research‐implementation gap of one zoning case by comparing results of a spatial prioritization analysis aimed at avoiding ecological impact of peat mining in a regional zoning process with the final zoning plan. We examined the relatively complex planning process to determine the gaps among research, zoning, and decision making. We quantified the ecological costs of the differing trade‐offs between ecological and socioeconomic factors included in the different zoning suggestions by comparing the landscape‐level loss of ecological features (species occurrences, habitat area, etc.) between the different solutions for spatial allocation of peat mining. We also discussed with the scientists and planners the reasons for differing zoning suggestions. The implemented plan differed from the scientists suggestion in that its focus was individual ecological features rather than all the ecological features for which there were data; planners and decision makers considered effects of peat mining on areas not included in the prioritization analysis; zoning was not truly seen as a resource‐allocation process and not emphasized in general minimizing ecological losses while satisfying economic needs (peat‐mining potential); and decision makers based their prioritization of sites on site‐level information showing high ecological value and on single legislative factors instead of finding a cost‐effective landscape‐level solution. We believe that if the zoning and decision‐making processes are very complex, then the usefulness of science‐based prioritization tools is likely to be reduced. Nevertheless, we found that high‐end tools were useful in clearly exposing trade‐offs between conservation and resource utilization.