Testing the efficiency of extraction of incurred residues from soil with optimized multi-residue method

The reproducibility of extraction of residues from spiked soil samples and from soils containing incurred residues was tested with ¹⁴C-labeled test compounds of different physical-chemical properties. Nearly 100% of the compounds added to the sample before extraction could be recovered with an average reproducibility relative standard deviation (CV) of 5.4%. The additional steps of the determination process (cleanup, evaporation, etc.) contributed to the major part of the variability of the results (CV = 10–20%). The incurred residues were most efficiently extracted with acetone for 30 min followed by the mixture of acetone/ethyl acetate 1:1 for additional 30 min. However, they could only be recovered at various extent (64–90% of total residues), underlying the importance of testing the efficiency of extraction. The residues were identified and quantified by gas chromatography applying thermionic detector. The performance parameters of the method complied with the international method validation guidelines, and they proved to be robust and suitable for determination of pesticide residues in soils of widely different physical–chemical properties.     

广西北部湾蔬菜种植基地土壤中代森锌类农药残留调查

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱法,对南宁、北海、钦州和防城港等4个北部湾区域城市蔬菜种植基地60份土壤样品中的代森锌类农药残留进行检测。结果表明,南宁市的15份土壤样品均未检出代森锌类农药残留;北海市有5份土壤样品检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为33.3%,其质量比范围为0.005 2 mg/kg~0.034 6 mg/kg;钦州和防城港2市30份土壤样品均检出代森锌类农药残留,检出率为100%,其质量比范围为0.004 9 mg/kg~0.674 mg/kg。     

桑叶中多菌灵的残留量分析方法

本文报道了用高效液相色谱仪测定桑叶中多菌灵残留量的分析方法。样品用酸性甲醇振荡提取，二氯甲烷萃取纯化，样品浓度为10、5、0．5ppm时，方法回收率范围、标准差、变异系数分别为88．14～98．94％、1．01～2．58、1．05～2．82％；添加平均回收率为86．98～95．58％，标准差和变异系数为0．96～3．47、1．00～3．99％。     

白土渣中油分回收的实验研究

辽河石油勘探局化工总厂润滑油生产装置产生的白土渣含油量高。本文提出的方法是回收油分,以脱油后的白土渣作为制砖原料。此法回收渣中油分彻底,具有简便易行、处理速度快、经济效益高、无二次污染等特点,体现了综合利用,达到了固体废弃物处理的最终目的。     

呼伦贝尔草原优良牧草及土壤中有机氯农药残留量调查研究

本文根据内蒙古地区草原牧草及土壤中有害物质现状调查技术规范，对著名的畜牧业基地──呼伦贝尔草原优良牧草及土壤中有机氯农药（六六六、ＤＤＴ）残留量进行了调查研究。结果表明，这两种有机氯农药在呼伦贝尔草原牧草及土壤中的残留量低于内蒙古地区的平均水平，更低于国家粮食作物及土壤卫生标准。但其化学性质稳定、脂溶性强，应停止使用。     

若干蔬菜和菜区土壤的重金属含量调查

本文介绍了杭州市菜区土壤及部分蔬菜重金属含量状况及分布规律。其中土壤中汞的平均含量是对照点的2.6倍,铅增加69.5％,铜增加58.17％,砷和锌增加19％左右,镍和镉与对照点含量接近。蔬菜中主要积累元素为铅汞。文章还扼要提出了防止菜区重金属污染的对策。     

农药在大棚蔬菜上的残留消解

通过对６种农药在７种大棚作物上的共１４次农药残留消解试验，及与露地作物所作的比较表明，除粉锈宁在大棚草莓上的消解外，农药在大棚蔬菜上的残留消解速度要慢于露地蔬菜，大棚空间农药沉降于蔬菜，是消解慢的重要原因，而环境条件对消解的影响程度还需进一步研究。该文指出，消解慢和大棚空气中浓度高；是大棚生产中两个突出的农药污染问题，前者导致上市大棚蔬菜的农药超标率高，后者为农事操作人员带来了恶劣的工作条件，需采     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留研究及对策

以西安市为例，研究了蔬菜中有机磷农药的残留问题，分析了不同农药在蔬菜中的残留特征以及不同品种蔬菜、不同类型蔬菜中农药残留的特征，讨论了蔬菜中农药残留量超标的原因及相关对策。     

Developing a sustainable agro-system for central Nepal using reduced tillage and straw mulching

In Nepal, soil erosion under maize (Zea mays) agro-ecosystems is most critical during the pre-monsoon season. Very few field experiments have been conducted on reduced tillage and rice straw (Oryza sativa) mulching, although these conservation approaches have been recommended. Thus, a five replicate field experiment was established in 2001 at Kathmandu University (1500 m above sea level) on land with 18% slope to evaluate the efficiency of reduced tillage and mulching on soil and nutrient losses and maize yield. The results showed non-significant differences among conservation approaches on runoff and maize yield. Mulching and reduced tillage significantly lowered annual and pre-monsoon soil and nutrient losses compared to conventional tillage. Soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen losses associated with eroded sediment were significantly higher in conventional tillage. However, due to limited availability and high opportunity cost of rice straw, reduced tillage would be a better option for soil and nutrient conservation without sacrificing economic yield in upland maize agro-ecosystems.     

Nafion修饰汞膜电极微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定蔬菜中的铅

采用Nafion修饰汞膜电极微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定蔬菜中的铅,选择0.1 mol/L NH4NO3作为支持电解质,富集时间420 s,搅拌速度300 r/min,Nafion修饰体积10 μL,考察了共存离子的干扰.方法在0.01 μg/L～ 14.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.2 μg/L,铅酸电池厂附近蔬菜样品的测定结果与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法相吻合,加标回收率为89.5％～106％.