现代遥感技术在我国西部开发中的应用前景

西部开发是我国当前的热点所在。开发西部，不仅要借助国家政策的优惠和外来投资的倾斜，更重要的是要充分利用自身丰富的资源走自我发展的道路。因此，引入新的技术辅助西部开发，促使西部开发走上生态循环的道路，才是我们真正的目的。文章介绍了遥感作为新兴的信息技术手段在西部开发中的应用前景，以期能对地方决策部门提供参考。     

南疆西部不同植被类型NDVI对风沙灾害的响应

不同植被类型对风沙灾害的响应研究有助于风沙灾害的遥感监测评估和防灾减灾工作。采用传统统计学和空间自相关方法,利用MODIS的每日反射率和土地类型产品,分析了风沙灾害后南疆西部不同植被类型NDVI的变化规律及其空间分布特征。结果表明：风沙灾害后,研究区不同植被类型NDVI的差异在增大,NDVI变化值在一0．3865~0．4148之间,NDVI减小的面积占整个研究区面积的54．98％,变异系数增大值在2．44％～36．75％之间;受到风沙灾害的影响,研究区植被NDVI全局Moran’SI系数从0．7982减小到0．6786,但在空间上仍存在显著的正相关性,具有显著的空间集聚特征;由NDVI差值的局部空间自相关指标集聚图以及不同植被类型NDVI差值的空间关联区域面积百分比,可以发现落叶针叶林和裸地或低植被覆盖地受风沙灾害的影响较小,郁闭灌丛和作物受风沙灾害的影响较大。上述关于风沙灾害后南疆西部不同植被类型的变化及其空间格局的研究结果,不仅证明了防护林的风沙阻挡作用,也可以为风沙灾害的防治工作提供参考依据。     

秦岭植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候变化与人类活动的双重响应

论文基于MODIS-NDVI数据、DEM及气象数据,辅以趋势分析、多元回归残差法、偏最小二乘回归法,反演了秦岭地区2000—2015年植被覆盖度及分析了其“格局—过程—趋势”的变化特征,探究了其对气候变化与人类活动的双重响应机制。结果表明：1）秦岭地区近16 a来植被覆盖度呈显著上升趋势,增速为2.77%/10 a,呈“中间高、周边低,西部高、东部低,南坡高、北坡低”的空间格局,植被覆盖度随海拔的升高在2 200 m左右达到最大,700~3 200 m达0.7以上,1 300~2 700 m达0.9以上,3 400 m以上为0.5以下的低值区;2）秦岭地区的植被覆盖与气候因子的响应关系存在明显的空间差异,对气温的响应总体上没有明显的时滞效应,而与降水的响应存在以滞后1个月为主的时滞效应;3）人类活动对秦岭地区植被变化的作用日趋增强,且以正向作用为主,主要分布在东部地区,而负向作用则分布于中部和西部地区;4）秦岭地区植被变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,影响因子对植被覆盖变化的解释能力依次为人类活动>降水>气温>潜在蒸散量。     

长白山不同生态系统地下部分生物量及地下C贮量的调查

论文在收集已有资料的基础上,补充调查了长白山自然保护区中沿不同海拔高度形成的不同森林生态系统的细根生物量和一些森林类型的根系总生物量,并且对自然环境因子对根系生物量的影响进行了相关分析。研究表明,由高海拔到低海拔(岳桦林、苔藓岳桦暗针叶林、暗针叶林过渡带、苔藓红松暗针叶林、红松针阔混交林)树木细根(<2mm)生物量分别是458.92gm^-2、537.42gm^-2、390.35gm^-2、397.25gm^-2和660.21gm^-2;根系总生物量分别是2578.00gm^-2、2794.00gm^-2、2680.00gm^-2、3459.25gm^-2和5155.00gm^-2。分别对细根生物量和根系总生物量与降水量和活动积温之间进行相关性分析时,发现细根生物量与不同海拔高度的活动积温和降水量没有明显的相关性;而根系生物量与这些因子存在着指数相关关系。该研究同时对不同海拔高度根系中的C、N含量和土壤中有机质的含量进行了分析和测定。结合已有的倒木和凋落物的资料,估算了长白山自然保护区中沿不同海拔高度形成的不同森林生态系统地下C的贮量。在长白山自然保护区内,由高海拔到低海拔,林地C贮量分别是15493.88gm^-2、21005.74gm^-2、19819.24gm^-2、14232.51gm^-2和7344.02gm^-2。     

Bacterial water quality: Springs and streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Water samples from streams and springs in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were analyzed for fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, and total coliform bacteria. Levels of bacteria were found to be highly variable but related to elevation, time of year, type of water source, and water level of the streams. Visitors did not seem to be major contributors to bacterial contamination. Levels of fecal coliform and total coliform in most water samples were unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Tennessee state standards for body contact recreation (swimming and wading) were exceeded in a few samples but none from streams suitable for swimming. As a result of these findings, park managers increased efforts to inform visitors of the need to treat drinking water and removed improvements at backcountry springs which tended to give the springs the image of safe, maintained water sources.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL WATERSHED CALIBRATION1

ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that climatic data can be used to develop a watershed model so that stream flow changes following forest harvest can be determined. Measured independent variables were precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperature, and concurrent relative humidity. Computed variables were humidity deficit, saturated vapor pressure, and ambient vapor pressure. These climatic variables were combined to compute a monthly evaporation index. Finally, the evaporation index and monthly precipitation were regressed with measured monthly stream flow and the monthly estimates of stream flow were combined for the hydrologic year. A regression of predicted versus measured annual stream flow had a standard error of 1.5 inches (within 6.1 percent of the measured value). When 10, 15, and 20 years of data were used to develop the regression equations, predicted minus measured stream flow for the last 7 years of record (1972–1978) were within 16.8, 11.5, and 9.7 percent of the measured mean, respectively. Although single watershed calibration can be used in special conditions, the paired watershed approach is expected to remain the preferred method for determining the effects of forest management on the water resource.     

Stricter Ozone Ambient Air Quality Standard Has Beneficial Effect on Ponderosa Pine in California

Ambient air quality standards and control strategies are implemented to protect humans and vegetation from adverse effects. We used a process-based tree-growth model (TREGRO) to show that over the past 37 years, changes in O₃ exposure, with accompanying variation in climate, are reflected in changes in the growth of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. in the San Bernardino Mountains near Los Angeles, California, USA. Despite variation in temperature and precipitation over the study period (1963–1999), O₃ exposure consistently reduced simulated tree growth. Simulated growth reductions increased concurrent with increasing O₃ exposure. The maximum growth reduction occurred in 1979. As O₃ exposures decreased during the 1980s and 1990s, effects on growth also decreased. This implies that emission control strategies taken to reduce exposures to attain O₃ standards benefited P. ponderosa growth in the San Bernardino Mountains. This modeling approach provides a powerful tool for solving the difficult problem of evaluating regulatory effectiveness by simulating plant response using long-term climate and air pollution exposure records for a given region.Phone 541 754-4621 Fax 541 754-4799     

Characteristics of winter backcountry use in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Numerous backcountry and wilderness use studies have been conducted over the last decade, but nearly all of them have concentrated on peak season and summer use. This study investigates use patterns and user characteristics of winter campers, and implications for the management of winter backcountry overnight use. Use pattern data were collected from 580 backcountry use permits for both winter and summer campers of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). A two-page questionnaire was also mailed to 300 of the winter users to survey their characteristics, past backpacking experience, and reasons for winter camping. Backcountry permit data indicate that use patterns differ significantly between winter and summer campers, with winter campers taking shorter, weekend, destination-type trips. Winter campers engage in backcountry camping nearly twice as often during winter as other seasons of the year, both in and outside GSMNP. They are also experienced hikers that tend to avoid camping in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summer because of heavy visitor use. This suggests that winter backcountry campers are different enough from peak season campers that management of these two user groups may require different styles.     

竞合模式:粤西与海南旅游发展的新思路

以湛江、茂名、阳江三市为一级核心的粤西沿海旅游区与海南旅游区的主导旅游资源相似且地域临近，存在竞争关系。分析了粤西、海南实施竞合模式所具有的条件，并利用“竞合模式”探讨了粤西沿海旅游区和海南旅游区的竞争与合作关系，以建立粤西—海南旅游体系为目标，提出了合作战略，以期增强整体的竞争实力，促进旅游业的发展。     

长白山北坡林线处岳桦年轮年表及其与气候的关系

运用相关函数及响应分析等树木年轮气候学方法,研究了长白山北坡林线处岳桦(Betula ermanii)径向生长及其与气候的关系.结果表明,林线处岳桦年轮宽度年表具有较强的气候敏感性.其径向生长与上年7月和当年3月的温度显著负相关(P<0.05),与上年9月和当年7月的温度显著正相关;同时与上年6月降水量显著正相关.与季节性气候因子的响应分析表明,岳桦径向生长与当年春季(1～3月)和当年生长季前(4、5月)的平均温度呈显著负相关,与当年生长季前的平均最高温度显著正相关,与降水量的相关关系不显著.利用多元逐步回归方法模拟了岳桦年轮宽度指数与气候因子间的关系,并据此预测在温度和降水增加的背景下,林线处岳桦径向生长将降低14.8%.