Hydrologic and land use impacts on vegetation growth and NPP at the watershed scale in a semi-arid environment

Significant, adverse climatic change and drastically increased demographic pressure have strongly affected, in recent years, the hydrology and environment in the semi-arid Sahel region of West Africa. Marked rain deficits have coincided with increased water runoff, meaning less water availability for the vegetation. Conversely, changes in vegetation cover have had strong repercussions on the hydrologic cycle. To study these phenomena, the coupling of two explicit, process-based models, of catchment hydrology and of mixed vegetation cover, respectively, has been undertaken and applied to a 2 km² site in Niger. Some of the first significant results are presented herein. Some are consistent with intuitive judgments that can be made in the absence of a coupled model, others are much less so and show that representation through model coupling of hydrosphere/biosphere interactions is essential to produce more reliable analyses and projections. In particular, it is found that the relation of biomass productivity to rainfall under this dry, water-limited climate is not as straightforward as one would expect, more specifically, that its main control may not be the total season rainfall.     

农闲期城郊农田灌溉水中典型污染物含量与评价——以西北江三角洲为例

摸查了农田灌溉系统水环境经农(夏)闲期降水等外部强干预调理后的环境污染物含量——该值理论上是环境自净作用之后的最不利值,对农田灌溉系统水环境进行水质评价,探究其对农田土壤质量的潜在污染风险.于2019年6月中旬-7月下旬(降雨集中期),分别在西北江三角洲城市(清远市、佛山市和江门市)实验基地周边筛选研究区,并在雨后对有...     

Determinants for cassava production expansion in the semi-arid zone of West Africa

The study focuses on evaluating factors that farmers consider relevant in adopting cassava production in five semi-arid zone of West African countries. The study is based on primary data randomly collected as part of collaborative study of cassava in semiarid zones of Africa (COSCASSA) village level survey from five West African countries namely: Nigeria, Ghana, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso. This study models effects of farm, farmer and technology specific factors on the decision of semi arid farmers to adopt cassava into their farming system. By way of threshold decision models—Probit and Logit models, the estimation of each country and the pooled data adoption models reveal different adoption models for the countries considered. For each country, different variables appeared as major adoption shifters. Comparatively, the adoption models for Nigeria and whole region appear to have the highest significance variables, being seven in number. This is followed by Chad (6), Ghana (4), and Burkina Faso and Niger with three each. For the variables considered, distance to nearby urban market appears a major adoption shifter in all the country, except for Niger. This is closely followed by contact with extension, variety, pest/disease resistance and livestock feeds, which appear significant in four of the countries. Membership of cooperative societies appears as the least adoption predictor, which is only significant in Chad republic. The study therefore recognizes the importance of varietial characteristics and farmers’ characteristics in acceptance of cassava as a major root tuber crop in the semi arid region of West Africa. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

南水北调中线水源地不同植被类型坡地土壤水分特征研究

为了解不同植被类型土壤水资源的变化规律,选择南水北调中线水源区宁陕县寨沟区域典型植被针阔混交林、针叶林、板栗林、灌木林、荒坡草地和坡耕地为研究对象,通过样地调查与实验分析的方法对其土壤水分物理特征及有机质含量进行测定研究。结果表明,各种有林地的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质等理化特征均优于荒坡和坡耕地;针阔混交林土壤含水量最高,蓄水能力明显好于其它植被类型;在垂直剖面上,各种植被类型坡地土壤含水量和饱和蓄水量随土壤深度的增加基本呈递减趋势,但有林地下降幅度较大,表层含水量明显高于荒坡与坡耕地表层。由此可见,在涵养水源方面,针阔混交林最好,针叶林、板栗林与灌木林次之,荒坡与坡耕地较差。     

我国中西部生态脆弱带坡耕地水土流失及坡地梯化

中西部生态脆弱带是我国坡耕地集中分布地区 ,坡耕地水土流失是中西部生态脆弱带水土流失的主要类型 ,坡地梯化是防治坡耕地水土流失和实现坡耕地可持续利用的重要措施 ,国家应加大投资力度开展以坡地梯化为中心的坡耕地综合开发整治工作     

长白山西坡风灾干扰区的恢复和保护

长白山西坡发生的灾害性风灾干扰,一方面给长白山自然保护区的森林资源造成巨大损失,同时也提出了如何加强保护和加速恢复的新课题。文中分析了风灾干扰区的更新格局和过程以及干扰后处理的有关问题,提出了从立地和景观水平促进更新恢复的保护措施     

中国东、西部工业污染和经济发展的分析比较

从经济发展水平和工业污染排放角度出发,对比分析了东部、中部和西部3个地区的差异。结果表明,90年代以来,中国的经济发展和工业污染在东、西部之间存在着较显著的差异,所表现出的综合效应是形成了明显的工业污染物排放强度梯度。即在空间上,工业污染物排放强度存在从东部、中部到西部逐渐升高的梯度。建议在西部大开发过程中,要充分利用西部环境保护的后发优势,减缓或遏制工业污染的“西迁”,实现环境保护的跨越式发展。     

祁连山区亚高山灌丛土壤含水量的空间分布与月份变化规律

为了探究祁连山区不同灌丛类型的土壤水分时空变异规律,论文以祁连山排露沟小流域的箭叶锦鸡儿（Caragana jubata）、吉拉柳（Salix gilashanica）、金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）、鲜黄小檗（Berberis diaphana）、甘青锦鸡儿（Caragana tangutica）5种灌丛为对象,建立固定样地,进行了一个生长季的分层（0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~60 cm）土壤含水量监测。结果表明：1）在各灌丛类型样地之间,土壤含水量差异很大,由大到小依次为：箭叶锦鸡儿>吉拉柳>金露梅>鲜黄小檗>甘青锦鸡儿。2）在小流域内空间尺度上,地形（海拔、坡向）、气象（降水、温度）、植被、土壤等作为主要因素共同影响着土壤含水量的差异,导致土壤含水量的空间分布具有随海拔（降水）升高而增大、随地形遮荫作用增强而增大（阴坡高于阳坡）的变化规律。3）不同灌丛类型样地土壤含水量在生长季内各月的变异程度均为弱变异或中等变异,相同土层含水量变异系数大小顺序基本为：鲜黄小檗>箭叶锦鸡儿>吉拉柳>金露梅>甘青锦鸡儿。     

云南大理洱源西湖浮游植物功能群季节演替特征

为探讨云南大理洱源西湖浮游植物功能群特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2019年9月—2020年8月每月采集浮游植物样品及水环境指标,采用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数和浮游植物功能群分类法评价洱源西湖水体富营养化程度及探讨浮游植物的季节演替特征。结果表明：洱源西湖为低透明度且浊水状态的富营养化水体;研究期间共镜检鉴定出浮游植物7门72属,划分为23个浮游植物功能群,其中MP〔颤藻（Oscillatoria sp.）〕、S1〔伪鱼腥藻（Anabaenopsis sp.）〕、H1〔鱼腥藻（Dolichospermum sp.）〕和S_N〔拟柱胞藻（Cylindrospermopsis sp.）〕为优势功能群,其均为蓝藻门的丝状藻类;秋季浮游植物主要以颤藻、拟柱胞藻为主,冬季和春季主要以伪鱼腥藻和颤藻为主,而夏季主要以颤藻和鱼腥藻为主;冗余分析结果显示,洱源西湖浮游植物功能群演替的关键环境因子为水温、pH、正磷酸盐浓度与可溶性总磷浓度,尤其是可溶解性磷（主要为 PO₄ ³⁻-P）浓度变化促成了优势功能群的季节演替。洱源西湖的富营养化状态为丝状蓝藻占优势且藻类结构单一。

     

辽河东西支流与干流水体光学特性和组分对比研究

通过对东、西辽河和辽河干流有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收特性和荧光特征以及溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度的分析,对比研究不同子流域CDOM的光学特性差异,并分析影响CDOM与DOC浓度的主要因素.对比研究发现,辽河干流CDOM与DOC相关性(R = 0.89,P < 0.01)高于西辽河(R = 0.81)与东辽河(R = 0.75).总悬浮物浓度(TSM)和总碱度与不同子流域CDOM/DOC相关性较高.不同流域内CDOM与DOC的浓度变化较大,西辽河CDOM和DOC浓度明显高于东辽河和辽河干流.流域内土地利用、气候条件对两者浓度的影响显著,林地和CDOM及DOC浓度存在显著负相关(R = -0.41, -0.56),即林地面积越大,CDOM和DOC浓度越低;而农田与两者存在正相关(R = 0.40, 0.32),农田面积越大,相应的CDOM和DOC浓度越高;降雨量与CDOM和DOC呈现明显的负相关(R = -0.53, -0.38),说明降雨对河流CDOM的稀释作用较大.对于CDOM荧光强度Fn(355)与CDOM浓度来说,在每个子流域两者均存在较好的相关性,特别是西辽河流域(R = 0.96, P < 0.01).CDOM的三维荧光光谱发现,东、西辽河及辽河干流均表现出较强的类腐殖酸荧光峰(A峰和C峰),同时辽河干流表现出很强的类蛋白质峰(T峰).CDOM的吸收斜率(S)以及基于荧光光谱的FI和HIX表明东、西辽河和辽河干流CDOM的主要来源是外源高等植物输入的大分子量DOM,但是,西辽河和辽河干流CDOM的分子量要小于东辽河CDOM组成物质.