厄尔尼诺灾害的地球动力学解释以及与地质科学的联系

本文从地质力学的理论基础出发,详细地叙述了对厄尔尼诺这一大尺度气象灾害的机制所作的探讨。指出对于地球上任何大尺度的自然现象进行分析、探讨、研究时,都不应忽视地球自转的作用和影响。本文还将海气相互作用与构造体系进行了联系并对全世界地质学与环境生态学界普遍关注的全球海平面变化问题表述了自己的见解。     

稻田稻麦两熟养鱼生态结构及功能研究

田间试验表明，深沟窄畦结构扩大了稻田生物的生境容量，畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生结构提高了稻田生产力，稻麦年产量稳定达到10．84～11.83t／ha，鱼产量3.11～4.20t／ha，在稻田产出中鱼占有最大产值优势度，系统能流结构表现出新特点，生态效率高。     

稻油不同轮作模式对农田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以南方稻区不同轮作模式为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-油菜轮作处理的甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放特征,并估算稻田增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地CH₄平均排放量分别为135.25,55.64、5.05和1.89 kg ·hm^-2,稻季CH₄排放占不同轮作周年CH₄排放的91.8%~98.5%,稻田土壤水溶性有机碳与CH₄排放呈显著正相关,常规晚稻稻田CH₄排放比杂交晚稻高18.7%（P<0.05）;双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地N₂O平均排放量分别为0.94、0.64、1.38和0.24 kg ·hm^-2,油菜地的N₂O排放占周年排放的57.2%~70.2%,双季稻和一季稻处理的冬闲农田N₂O排放占周年排放的17.8%和30.6%,杂交稻和常规稻稻田N₂O排放无显著性差异;双季稻-冬闲和双季稻-油菜的GWP处理高于稻-油和稻-冬闲处理,稻季排放CH₄的GWP占轮作周年GWP排放的71.2%~90.9%;GHGI以稻-稻-油菜最高,稻-油和稻-冬闲处理较低,综合环境效益和经济效益,建议南方稻区选择杂交晚稻-油菜的种植模式,有利于南方多熟制稻田的温室气体减排.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to soil quality in contrasting cropping systems

The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling.     

Modeling carbon sequestration under zero-tillage at the regional scale. II. The influence of crop rotation and soil type

For policy decisions with respect to CO₂-mitigation measures in the agricultural sector, national and regional estimations of the efficiency of such measures are required. The conversion of ploughed cropland to zero-tillage is discussed as an option to reduce CO₂ emissions and promises at the same time effective soil and water conservation. Based on the upscaling of simulation results with the soil and land resources information system SLISYS-BW, estimations of CO₂-mitigation rates in relation to crop rotations and soil type have been made for the state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany). The results indicate considerable differences in the CO₂-mitigation rates between crop rotations ranging from 0.48 to 0.03 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ for winter cereals–spring cereals–rape rotations and winter cereals–spring cereals–corn silage rotations, respectively. The efficiency of the crop rotations is strongly related to the total carbon input and in particular the amount of crop residues. Among the considered soil types, highest CO₂-mitigation rates are associated with Cumulic Anthrosols (0.62 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) and the lowest with Gleysols (−0.01 Mg C ha⁻¹ a⁻¹). An agricultural extensification scenario with conventional plowing but conversion of the presently applied intensive crop rotations to a clover–clover–winter cereals rotation indicated a CO₂-mitigation potential of 466 Gg C a⁻¹. However, the present high market prices for cereals and increasing demand for energy production from biomass encourages an intensification of the agricultural production and an excessive removal of biomass which in future will seriously reduce the potential for carbon sequestration on cropland.     

猪粪还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响研究——以黄灌区稻旱轮作制为例

宁夏引黄灌区是水污染严重地区之一,大部分排水沟水质属于劣五类,主要污染物是硝态氮与铵态氮.猪粪还田试验共有3个处理:传统施肥+空白(CK)、传统施肥+猪粪还田4500 kg/hm²(T1)和传统施肥+猪粪还田9000 kg/hm²(T2).采用树脂芯法测定了30,60,90cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明,30cm土层处,猪粪还田没有明显增加土壤硝态氮淋失.与对照(15.96±0.41) kg/hm²相比,T1(16.85±0.40) kg/hm²与T2(17.01±0.46) kg/hm²没有达到显著差异(P>0.05);60cm土层处理与对照也没有达到显著差异;90cm土层处的猪粪处理与对照达到显著差异,处理之间没有差异.猪粪还田有利于土壤有机质和总氮提高,30cm土层,与对照相比,T1和T2的有机质增加0.95g/kg和1.41g/kg,分别提高7.50%和11.13%;总氮增加0.06和0.16g/kg,分别提高7.72%和22.04%.猪粪还田提高了作物产量,水稻增产12.26%~11.56%,冬小麦产量提高9.32%~12.52%.     

施氮水平对小麦-玉米轮作体系氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放的影响

试验采用密闭室间歇通气法研究华北平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum Linneaus）-夏玉米（Zea mays Linneaus）轮作体系在不同施氮水平下农田氨挥发和N2O排放。结果表明：冬小麦季和夏玉米季的氨挥发速率与N2O排放通量呈现出季节性动态变化,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,均在施肥后第2~3天出现峰值。玉米季氨挥发量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季,分别占整个轮作周期气态损失的53.5%~68.9%和54.7%~82.3%。轮作体系中氨挥发净损失量（以N计）为4.28~31.31 kg.hm-2,占施氮量的3.17%~5.80%;N2O净排放损失量（以N计）为50.95~1051.03 g.hm-2,占施氮量的比例为0.04%~0.23%。因此,施氮量是影响冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系气态损失重要因素,且夏玉米季是控制控制气态损失的关键时期。     

太湖流域稻麦轮作系统实际施氮量及其多重效应——基于农户调研的实证分析

研究运用分层随机抽样法,在常州市武进区开展农户问卷调查,并利用统计软件对问卷信息进行整理和分析,得到主要结论如下:①太湖流域稻麦轮作系统稻季平均施氮量为310.91 kg·hm^-2,麦季平均施氮量为202.18 kg·hm^-2,一年两季作物平均施氮量为513.09 kg·hm^-2,氮肥过量施用现象主要存在于稻季;②施氮肥对水稻和冬小麦都具有较好的增产作用,但是当施氮量达到一定值后,水稻和冬小麦的产量、氮素累积量、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥吸收利用率都出现下降的趋势;③太湖流域稻麦轮作系统土地氮剩余量和面源氮排放量随着施氮量的增加而持续增加,在目前的氮肥施入水平下一年两季作物的氮素流失量约为41.26 kg·hm^-2。     

长三角农田轮作系统氨排放特征、转化机制和减排潜力

为评估长三角农田轮作系统氨排放特征和减排潜力,通过密闭室间歇通气法对典型农田轮作系统的氨排放水平进行同步对比观测,探讨不同条件下的氨排放影响因素和转化机制;通过整理近10年长三角地区农田氨排放实测系数,建立基于本地因子的长三角农田轮作系统氨排放时空分布清单,并获取了不同氨减排路径下的减排效果.结果 表明,常规稻麦轮作模...     

太湖渔业环境优化技术初探

根据对东太湖养殖区主要水化学指标进行的跟踪监测结果,系统分析研究了N、P等主要营养物质的变化趋势。结果显示,TP网围内的周年平均值为0.034mg/L,网围外周年平均值为0.042mg/L,TN网内周年平均值为0.72mg/L,网外周年平均值为0.73mg/L。并依据试验及监测结果,估算了太湖养殖渔业对水体的营养贡献份额(N、P),现有养殖状况每年通过水产品可带出湖中19.51tN和6.62tP。通过调整、优化养殖模式,大力推广应用轮牧式网围养殖,大幅降低放养量,合理搭配滤食性鱼类,在养殖区普及种植太湖优势水生植物,移植本湖底栖动物,利用水生植物和底栖动物既可有效净化养殖环境,又能作为养殖对象的适口饲料这种作用和功能,同时充分利用湖区低值鱼资源作为河蟹的饲料,最终将水草、螺、低值鱼等转化成水产品,并通过水产品的形式将营养物质带出湖区,从而达到优化改善渔业环境的目的。