武汉军运会前后大气PM2.5化学组分和来源

基于第七届世界军人运动会前后武汉大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)及其化学组分的在线监测数据,分析了管控前、管控期和管控后PM_2.5的质量浓度和化学组分,并通过PMF结合后向轨迹的聚类分析和浓度权重轨迹开展来源解析.研究揭示了军运会前后武汉市PM_2.5对本地和周边区域管控措施的响应,可为PM_2.5的区域精准防控提供依据.在减排措施影响下,管控期间ρ(PM_2.5)为(31.3±12.0)μg·m^-3,比管控前降低14.7%;而二次组分有明显生成,其中硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐(SNA)质量浓度升高25.6%.管控后由于湿度降低和西北气团的影响,SNA的质量浓度降低36.9%,矿质元素的质量浓度升高4.7倍.源解析表明管控前后机动车尾气的整体贡献率变化不显著(P<0.05).管控期工业排放和燃煤贡献分别较非管控期降低68.1%和43.7%,二次源贡献上升89.5%.由于并未针对机动车尾气采取大规模控制,管控期NO^-₃和NO<...     

城市地表径流面源污染分析研究——以武汉市典型下垫面为例

城市地表径流面源污染已经成为阻碍河湖水质达标的重要因素。选取道路、绿地和屋面3种下垫面,在武汉市开展地表径流面源污染特征研究。结果显示：降雨初期,道路下垫面COD可达115.3 mg/L,NH₃—N最高为4.12 mg/L,TP为0.55 mg/L,峰值都出现在降雨开始后的20 min。屋面径流污染物浓度与道路相似,绿地径流污染物浓度变化速率远低于道路和屋面,说明绿地对污染物浓度同样具有削峰的作用。汛期污染物浓度均值高于非汛期,是因为汛期具有小时内降雨量大的特点。南湖流域内地表径流污染高于墨水湖,主要是受建设强度和人口分布的影响。     

Life satisfaction approach to farmers’ compensation for land acquisition: empirical study from the suburbs of Wuhan City

Farmers’ compensation for land acquisition is not only critical to increasing their income and to playing a pivotal role in maintaining rural stability, but also to the promotion of sustainable land use. Based on analysis of Chinese land acquisition policy under the Land Management Law, which provides principles or guidelines for determining compensation according to agricultural land use in regard to farmers’ previous quality of life, the Life Satisfaction Approach is introduced in this article to evaluate farmers’ compensation for land acquisition. Employing data from a questionnaire survey on 346 farming households in Wuhan Suburbs, this article examined the influence of farmland on farmers’ life satisfaction and evaluated the level of compensation for land acquisition. Results show that farmland has a significantly positive impact on life satisfaction, which fell by 0.033 on a five-point scale following a reduction farmland by of 1 mu. Respondents were willing to accept approximately RMB 3066.44 annual household income for the loss of 1 mu farmland; the level of compensation after discounting by 6.2% is RMB 750,000 per hectare. It was found in a further comparative study that the level of farmers’ compensation for land acquisition is decidedly low, and it was also shown that their compensation standards, as well as the actual compensation, could be substantially improved by expanding economic compensation to non-economic compensation to embody farmland multifunction in terms of production and non-production against farmers’ previous quality of life. This article proposes a compensation model that enriches the content of land acquisition compensation, extends the current literature on measuring compensation, and provides economic theory bases for increasing compensation standards and improving policies related to land acquisition. We consider that if this compensation model is applied, it could raise the cost of land acquisition and improve usage of land, reduce the speed of rural–urban land conversion, and improve farmers’ well-being.     

长江中游城市群区域一体化的测度与比较

实现长江中游城市集群区域一体化,既能承接东部地区产业转移,也能够向西部传递发展势能,缩小西部与中东部的差距。参照了世界银行从密度、距离与分割3个维度对区域一体化的界定,构建了区域一体化评价体系;采用2000～2010年数据,并结合层次分析法对长江中游城市集群内部区域一体化进行测度与比较分析。研究显示：（1）长株潭城市圈区域一体化水平最高,武汉城市圈次之,环鄱阳湖生态经济区最低,但三大城市群一体化水平都呈现逐渐增长趋势;（2）三大城市群在市场一体化、行政一体化及社会一体化变化水平差异明显但总体差距逐渐缩小;（3）武汉城市圈在“两型”社会建设推动下一体化水平稳步提升,长株潭城市群一体化水平进程最快,环鄱阳湖生态经济区后发优势明显。在此基础上,提出了构建长江中游城市集群经济发展联动机制的政策建议     

武汉市城市地貌灾害及防治对策

城市地貌灾害含自然地貌灾害与城市人类活动所导致的地貌灾害。而大城市人口密集,人类活动强度大,所发生的灾害常常表现为自然与人工共同作用所造成,而后者常常是自然灾害的诱发因素。     

武汉市交通事故与太阳黑子活动的关系

为了研究太阳黑子活动与武汉市交通事故之间的关系，我们将46年(1955—2000年)来武汉市交通事故的发生情况与太阳黑子活动周期进行了相关分析，结果显示，二者之间存在着11年周期和22年周期的正相关的规律；我们借此规律，成功地预报了第23个太阳活动周期里武汉市交通事故的发生率。     

1990—2014年武汉市空气质量时空变化

基于武汉市1990—2014年空气污染物(SO2,NOx/NO2,TSP/PM10)年均值浓度数据,采用Daniel趋势检验和空间统计方法研究污染物浓度时间变化趋势和空间变异。研究发现武汉市近20年SO2浓度变化平稳且满足国家二级标准限值,而氮氧化物(NOx/NO2)浓度显著上升并超过标准限值,颗粒物(TSP/PM10)浓度虽然有下降趋势,但依然未达到标准限值。武汉市近10年SO2污染空间变化最明显,重污染区域由城区向郊区转移;NO2污染空间差异最显著,二环线内监测点NO2浓度一直高于二环线外且平均高9.2%,而二环线内监测点SO2、PM10浓度低于二环线外。     

Building contraventions and incidence of flood in the Lagos Metropolis,Nigeria

Frequent floods have led to loss of lives and destruction of property in both coastal and landlocked cities across the globe, particularly where floodplains have been developed without recourse to space standards. This paper investigated the contributions of contravention of building codes to flooding in flood-prone areas in the Lagos metropolis. Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) were used to determine the location and elevation above sea level of 1,025 buildings situated in 211 streets that were prone to flooding. The distance of buildings from drainage channels/the lagoon was determined in ArcGIS 10.2 environment. Findings revealed that building code contravention contributed significantly to flooding (r = 0.926). About 63.5% and 63.3% of sampled buildings contravened building-plot ratio and statutory setbacks from drainage channels/the lagoon, respectively. Proactive urban planning, strict enforcement of building codes and development control regulations are required to reduce flooding and its consequences in cities of developing nations where flooding has become an annual occurrence.     

基于体验模式的景观美学评价技术及应用

由于景观美学评价的主观特性,虽经五十多年的探索,各国学者仍未能就景观美学评价的理论达成共识。基于体验模式的评价技术更由于其凸显的主观元素而被多数研究者排除在科学评价体系之外。文章综合应用生态学、心理学、美学、地理信息系统(GIS)等学科的知识,理论研究和实证分析相结合,探究了该评价技术的科学合理性。研究以武汉后官湖地区为个案,采用网格布点法,借助地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持,运用基于体验模式的评价技术,完成对研究区的景观美学评价。结果显示,研究区内景观美学评分等级的分布与其景观元素类别的分布表现出较好的一致性,这在一定程度上验证了该评价技术的科学合理性。另外,结论分析了该技术环节上存在的主要问题及方法上的优劣。     

武汉市职业病防治工作的现状与对策

分析武汉市职业危害形势与职业病防治工作的现状,探讨职业病防治工作中存在的问题,提出如何加强职业病防治的建议,为相关监管部门的工作提供研究依据.