Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

北京香山空气负氧离子垂直变化测量研究

空气负离子具有降尘、抑菌功能,净化空气、调节小气候、保健等效果显著,其浓度水平已成为评价城市空气清洁程度和环境优劣的重要指标。采用空气离子测量仪,对北京香山的空气正、负离子浓度进行了测量,并分析总结空气负离子的垂直变化规律。结果显示,在一定范围内空气负离子浓度随海拔高度的升高而增大,同时呈现出跳跃性。在同一个海拔高度,空气负离子浓度的变化趋势为春季夏季秋季。     

象山港海域水质时空格局的自组织特征映射神经网络识别

于2007—2008年对象山港23个站点(包括10个电厂站点)的水质样品进行连续2年的季节性采集,采用SOM(Self-Organizing Map)工具箱,结合k-nn(knearest neighbors)神经元聚类对15个水质参数进行分析,以探明象山港海域水质时空变化并识别敏感的影响区域.结果显示,象山港海域N/P(物质的量比)平均值为27.0.水体污染指数(AI)和海水营养指数(NI)分别指示整个象山港水质处于严重污染和富营养化状态,但水质加权指数(WDX)显示,加权水质标准未超过3类水质,说明传统的AI和NI指数不能反映象山港的实际水质状况.经SOM分析发现,象山港海域各取样站点按季节和空间格局可分为8个聚类组.从季节上看,pH和油类含量在春季最低;夏季水温、COD、NO2--N最高,而DO最低.NO3--N、DIN、DIP在秋冬季节高于春夏季节,但透明度相反.Chl-a含量以夏季最高,冬季最低.GLM(General Linear Model)方差分析显示,不同季节的安全性指数(SFT)和N/P无显著差异(p>0.05),而NI、AI和WDX差异极显著(p<0.01).空间分析显示,象山港水体可分为港底区和口中部区,其中,港底区盐度、pH显著低于口中部区(p<0.01),而NO2--N、NH4+-N、DIN、DIP、Chl-a则显著高于口中部区(p<0.05).除WDX无显著差异外,港底区的N/P显著低于口中部区(p<0.01),而NI、AI、SFT相反(p<0.05).建议港区底部宜采用养殖大型海藻方式以减轻富营养化,此外,冬季黄墩港的水体中粪大肠菌群严重超标,生食该季节贝类产品时需要检测.     

相山矿田铀矿地质研究进展与趋势

相山铀矿是华南最大的产于火山-侵入杂岩体中的热液脉型铀矿田。文章对相山铀矿地质研究的历史进行了简略回顾,重点阐述了铀矿地质研究的新进展,主要有:火山杂岩时代为早白垩世、火山岩浆具有反方向演化特点,成矿作用是一个相对连续的演化过程,铀矿类型归属斑岩型,属于与燕山晚期火山-斑岩作用有关的铀或铀-多金属矿床成矿系列。最后,文章展望了未来的研究方向。     

Measurement and modeling of urban atmospheric PCB concentrations on a small (8 km) spatial scale

Atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is an important problem for ecosystems around the world. Data from several monitoring networks demonstrate that atmospheric PCB concentrations are dramatically elevated in urban areas compared to rural or background regions, such that these urban emissions of PCBs support the regional and global transport and deposition of PCBs to more remote areas. Identifying and controlling the sources of urban atmospheric PCBs is thus essential in minimizing the regional and global transport and deposition of these compounds. From December 1999 to November 2000, gas-phase PCB concentrations were measured at two monitoring locations, 8 km apart, within the New York City metropolitan area, at Jersey City and Bayonne, NJ. Concentrations, congener patterns, and temporal patterns of PCBs differ dramatically at the two sites, suggesting that a significant source of atmospheric PCBs exists within 8 km of the Bayonne site, resulting in spikes in gas-phase PCB concentration at Bayonne that are not observed at Jersey City. The Regional Atmospheric Model System (RAMS) coupled with the Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport model (HYPACT) was used to estimate that the PCB source near Bayonne emits a flux of ΣPCBs on the order of 100 g d⁻¹. Extrapolation of this source magnitude to the area of New York City suggests that this urban area emits at least 300 kg yr⁻¹ ΣPCBs to the regional atmosphere, similar in magnitude to the flow of ΣPCB out of the Upper Hudson River into the New York/New Jersey Harbor.     

厦门西港表层海水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成及来源

通过 3个航次对厦门西港表层海水中 16种优先监控的PAHs的污染状况进行不同季节的连续调查 .结果表明 :表层海水中PAHs的含量与组成具有明显的时间差异 .在 4月和 10月的PAHs含量较 7月高 ;PAHs的组成在 4月以 2环的萘为优势组分 ,在 7月以 3环的苊烯为优势组分 ,10月以 4环的为优势组分 .分析 3个航次的调查结果发现 :厦门西港表层海水中的PAHs主要来源于石油类物质的输入 .厦门西港表层海水中各种PAHs的含量与国际生物学组织或国家制定的评价水生生物暴露于水体的安全食用标准相比虽未超标 ,但个别组分如蒽、苯并 [a]芘的含量已达到生态毒理评价标准 .