From open access to access by all: restating challenges in designing groundwater management in Andhra Pradesh, India

In a village-based watershed in Andhra Pradesh, India, it is increasingly difficult for users to access and extract groundwater for irrigation: a 'pumping race' is taking place. A move from groundwater development towards groundwater management is required, with a new perspective on options for change. Through a study of borewell technology and groundwater use, and considering new local developments in electricity supply and participatory resource management, the article argues that groundwater is a resource with 'instructions for use'. The technological dimensions of groundwater irrigation urge its study as a socio-technical process in order to design sustainable and equitable groundwater management.     

围垦对海滨地区景观演变及其质心移动的影响——以盐城保护区部分区域为例

将盐城国家级自然保护区(新洋港-四卯酉河段)划分为未围区和围垦区,根据1984-2013 年6 个时相的景观资料,运用RS、GIS 技术和景观生态学方法,分析围垦活动影响下海滨湿地景观格局演变差异。结果如下:①未围区始终保持以自然景观为主,2013 年面积比例占84.6%;1984-2013 年,芦苇和互花米草湿地面积分别增长了4 770.6 和4 202.8 hm²,而碱蓬湿地面积减少了2 656.7 hm²。围垦区大致以2000 年为界,景观结构由自然景观占主导转为人工景观为主;除互花米草外自然植被面积呈下降趋势,而人工景观中水产养殖塘面积不断上升,2013 年比例达60.5%。②未围区景观破碎度自1995 年以后变幅较小,且保持在较低水平,维持在0.27~0.28,斑块形状趋于复杂、自然,景观多样性呈上升趋势,1984-2013 年上升了0.19。围垦区破碎化程度上升明显,1984-2013 年上升了0.27,整体景观趋于简单规则,景观多样性呈下降趋势,1984-2013 年下降了0.26。③未围区景观演变驱动力以自然因素为主,景观类型质心移动具有距离较为连续、方向相对单一的特征。而围垦区由于人类活动介入,围垦区景观类型质心移动更多地表现出无序多变、错综复杂的特征。     

自固定化微生物降解工业废水中的2-氯苯甲酸

经微生物自固定化的反应器启动快,只需1周时间COD去除率即稳定在86％以上,而接种一般污泥的对照反应器至少需4周时间才能达到该效果;且经微生物自固定化的反应器能够稳定地降解含易降解基质(葡萄糖)的混合配水,2-氯苯甲酸与总COD去除率均稳定在90％左右。对处理含单一基质和混合基质废水的膜生物相观察表明：二者差异很大,前者以球状菌为主,同时也有大量的短杆菌;后者主要以丝状菌为主,同时也有相当数量的球菌、杆菌。     

西气东输工程的环境协同效应研究

协同效应研究是气候变化政策研究的新领域,也是非常重要的领域.西气东输工程的主要目的是为我国中东部地区输送丰富的天然气资源,但其实施同时也有助于减少东部地区大气污染物排放,改善大气质量.利用较成熟的中国区域环境与经济综合评价模型(AIM-LOCAL/China模型),从用气项目的SO₂和CO₂排放的常规情景(BAU)和利用天然气后的情景(NGS)两方面进行了量化比较,分析西气东输工程的环境协同效应.研究发现:在用气项目的范围内,NGS情景下的SO₂排放相比BAU情景明显减少,同时CO₂等温室气体排放也大幅减少.2003-2020年,累计可以减排约312×104 t SO₂和3 475×104 t CO₂,分别比BAU情景减排40.5%和17.9%.从4个用气部门来看,不论是SO₂还是CO₂,电力部门用气项目的减排量都占突出位置.      

Spatial and mass balanced trophic models of La Rinconada Marine Reserve (SE Pacific coast), a protected benthic ecosystem: Management strategy assessment

Steady-state, dynamic, and spatial models were constructed for the benthic system of La Rinconada Marine Reserve off northern Chile (SE Pacific coast). We examined data on biomass, P/B ratios, catches, food spectrum, consumption, and the dynamics of commercial and non-commercial populations using three theoretical frameworks: Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace. The biomass of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus and the clam Tagelus dombeii were the most relevant compartments of the studied ecosystem. Among the carnivores, the functional crab group Cancer spp. was the most relevant. The Rhodophyta was the dominant macroalga compartment of the system. The results obtained using mixed trophic impacts (MTI) showed that the predatory snail Thais chocolata propagated higher magnitudes of direct and indirect effects on the other species or functional groups. The sea star Luidia magallanica and Rhodophyta had the least effects on the remaining compartments. According to the Ecosim estimates (increasing mortality by fishing), the scallop A. purpuratus had the highest impact on the other compartments. The Ecospace model showed similar qualitative and quantitative effects for changes in biomass under three different exploitation scenarios (by subsystems and globally). Nevertheless, the greatest changes were provoked by using the top-down control and the vulnerabilities estimated by Ecosim. System recovery times were highest with increased mortality of the asteroid L. magallanica and the carnivorous snail T. chocolata, suggesting that the sea star could be considered to be a top predator with a top-down control. The F_MSY estimated for the scallop A. purpuratus was close to the F_i originally entered in Ecopath, limiting the design and execution of an exploitation plan within ecologically sustainable boundaries. The situation was different (F_MSY ? F_i) for the other commercial species, making possible multi-species exploitation programs. The Ecospace trophic-spatially explicit model shows a similar pattern of direct and indirect effects generated when exerting exploitation separately by subsystems. Therefore, habitat rotation of fisheries is not justified.     

九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较

森林土壤的结构和贮水保水能力是决定土壤水分及其时空分布的关键,九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区均是以水为灵魂,其水量的多少及时空分布格局对景区景点的视觉观赏效果具有十分重要的作用.通过对几寨沟和黄龙核心景区原始林与次生林土壤容重、持水性能和孔隙度等指标的监测,探讨了不同植被类型下土壤结构及持水能力状况.结果表明:(1)由于较早地得到保护,九寨沟景区原始林、桦槭次生林土壤物理性质均优于四川西部其它同类犁植被,与此相反,人工云杉纯林土壤物理性质明显劣于其它植被类型,可能主要与云杉平根系统对土壤膨胀挤压和单优势乔木群落所形成的不利微气候影响有机物分解归还土壤有关;(2)在黄龙核心景区的原始云、冷杉林,发育于坡积母质的土壤物理性质明显优于发育于钙华母质卜的土壤物理性质.图3表1参31     

神农架国家级自然保护区樟科资源植物分析

神农架樟科植物种类共有 7属 3 1种 (含变种 ) ,资源植物十分丰富 ,按其用途可分为观赏植物类、蜜源植物类、药用植物类、木材植物类、香料植物类、工业用油脂植物类及珍稀保护植物类等。这些资源植物具有较大的开发利用价值。     

Release flux of mercury from different environmental surfaces in Chongqing, China

An investigation was conducted to estimate mercury emission to the atmosphere from different environmental surfaces and to assess its contribution to the local mercury budget in Chongqing, China. Mercury flux was measured using dynamic flux chamber (DFC) at six soil sites of three different areas (mercury polluted area, farmland and woodland) and four water surfaces from August 2003 to April 2004. The mercury emission fluxes were 3.5 ± 1.2–8.4 ± 2.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for three shaded forest sites, 85.8 ± 32.4 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for farming field, 12.3 ± 9.8–733.8 ± 255 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for grassland sites, and 5.9 ± 12.6–618.6 ± 339 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for water surfaces. Mercury exchange fluxes were generally higher from air/water surfaces than from air/soil surfaces. The mercury negative fluxes were found in tow soil sites at overcast days (mean = −6.4 ± 1.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹). The diurnal and seasonal variations of mercury flux were observed in all sites. The mercury emission responded positively to the solar radiation, but negatively to the relative humidity. The mercury flux from air/soil surfaces was significantly correlated with soil temperature, which was well described by an Arrhenius-type expression with activation energy of 31.1 kcal mol⁻¹. The annual mercury emission to the atmosphere from land surface is about 1.787 t of mercury in Chongqing.     

湖南省绥宁县黄桑坪自然保护区植物群落多样性分析

通过对湖南省绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的植物群落特征及物种多样性的分析,结果表明:1)可将黄桑自然保护区的滩地、撂荒地和山坡地划分为3种群落类型:鱼腥草-蕨群丛、早熟禾-井栏边草群丛和杉木+马尾松-三尖杉+水苏-莎草+地稔群丛;2)植物多样性指数的大小顺序为:Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)和ShannonWiener指数(H)的大小顺序为:山坡地(S,D,H)撂荒地(S,D,H)滩地(S,D,H),Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序为:潍地(E)撂荒地(E)山坡地(E);3)3种样地之间的物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,在0.0001~0.356 8之间,样地内的物种相似性指数(CC)沿滩地→撂荒地→山坡地的顺序递减;(4)相关分析表明:S、D、H之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),E与S、D、H呈显著负相关(P0.05).生境条件差异是物种多样性差异形成的直接原因.表3,参16.     

Comparative study between using natural and synthetic zeolites for the improvement of soil salinity and crop yield

The effects of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite, NZ) and synthetic zeolite (Y, SZ) on salinity and the presence of the harmful salts in the soil were compared on Raphanus sativus L. Nine soil treatments were studied: 1 (control), 2 (NaCl), 3 (Na₂SO₄), 4 (NZ), 5 (SZ), 6 (NZ?+?NaCl), 7 (SZ?+?NaCl), 8 (NZ?+?Na₂SO₄), and 9 (SZ?+?Na₂SO₄). Five radish seeds were planted in each pot. Each treatment was repeated 10 times. After 50 days under equal conditions some parameters consisting of the number of leaves (NL), total leaf area (TLA), total fresh weight (TFW), total dry weight (TDW), root fresh weight (RFW), air fresh weight (AFW), root dry weight (RDW) and air dry weight (ADW) were determined. Results showed that adding either NZ or SZ to salinic soil (treatments NZNaCl, NZNa₂SO₄, SZNaCl and SZNa₂SO₄) increased AFW, TFW and TDW. Using both NZ and SZ in normal soil increased the weight of plants by developing AFW. Further NZ was more effective on soil with NaCl than SZ.