废水处理系统中酯酶的活性及其作用特性

文章对兼氧-好氧染料废水生物处理系统中微生物酯酶的活性及其作用特性作了较深入的研究。试验结果表明,酯酶在兼氧和好氧池中的平均活性分别达0.482μmo·lh·g-1和0.408μmo·lh·g-1。酯酶活性同废水的COD和色度去除率之间存在很好的相关性。在pH值为8,温度为60℃条件下,兼氧和好氧池中的酯酶活性最高。较低的染料浓度有利于提高系统中酯酶的活性,超过一定浓度酯酶活性降低。染料助剂EDTA和氯化锌对兼氧池中酯酶活性的抑制作用明显,而好氧池中酯酶活性几乎不受这些助剂的影响。     

Cd胁迫对桐花树同工酶的影响

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳方法,研究了不同浓度Cd胁迫对桐花树幼苗叶片过氧物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酯酶(EST)同工酶酶谱的影响.结果表明:Cd胁迫下POD和EST同工酶组成发生了较大的变化,酶带颜色深浅和条数均有变化.部分同工酶基因表达在镉胁迫下完全关闭而酶带消失,另一部分同工酶基因表达则被启动而有新的酶带产生.而SOD同工酶酶带的亮度强弱也有明显的变化.这说明桐花树体内POD,EST和SOD同工酶确实能够适应Cd胁迫而产生相应变化,从而调节细胞代谢,以抵抗逆境胁迫.     

太湖不同湖区蓝藻细胞裂解速率的空间差异

2009年在太湖蓝藻水华形成初期(五月)、盛发期(九月)和衰亡期(十月和十一月),运用基于颗粒态酯酶,溶解性酯酶以及酯酶衰变常数测定的酯酶活性方法对不同湖区(藻型和草型湖区)蓝藻的细胞裂解速率进行了计算,在测定颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性时,同步分析了太湖优势种群中蓝藻叶绿素a的含量.统计分析结果表明,叶绿素a的浓度与颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性有很好的相关性,说明以酯酶活性为指标来计算太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率是可行的.对不同湖区的细胞裂解速率进行比较,可见湖心和西太湖在蓝藻水华形成初期细胞裂解速率分别为0.072,0.048d-1.水华盛发期以及水华衰亡期,湖心和西太湖的细胞裂解速率分别为0.074～0.770d-1,0.014～0.110d-1.太湖湖心磷酸盐浓度比西太湖低,所以蓝藻生长速率慢,导致细胞裂解速率比西太湖高.但是,在梅梁湾和贡湖,衰亡末期磷酸盐浓度比其它月份高,细胞裂解速率也高.4个采样点在衰亡末期的细胞裂解速率比水华形成初期,暴发期和衰亡初期要高,可能的原因是气温和水体温度下降导致蓝藻生长速度减慢.本研究结果表明,太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率有明显的空间差异,其具体的影响因素很多,营养盐只是其中一个.     

一种工程菌的高酶活及其固定化细胞对农药的降解

将抗性尖音库蚊五带亚种的执有机磷农药基因—酯酶基因克隆到质粒pRL－439中．经检测,重组质粒中的酯酶基因已得到表达,获得高酶活的工程菌．将工程菌固定化后对两类难降解农药（有机氯、菊酯类）进行降解,结果表明,固定化细胞在1h内对上两类农药可降解90％以上,具有很高的降解效力．     

Degradation of β–cyfluthrin insecticide by goat intestinal esterase

Esterase enzyme was isolated from goat intestine and partially purified to explore whether it can degrade β-cyfluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. The products of the reaction were identified in order to propose its path of degradation to innocuous non-toxic compounds. This is the first report for testing the suitability of such esterase enzyme for degrading a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide.     

白眉蝮蛇（Agkistrodon halys ussuriensis）蛇毒精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的生殖毒性及F1子代的影响

研究了白眉蝮蛇蛇毒中分离的纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的一般生殖毒性及对F1代小鼠的影响 .0 .36U/kg剂量使雄性F0 小鼠体重增长缓慢 ,并使睾丸系数增大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但病理学检验睾丸和附睾正常 ;该剂量处理孕鼠 ,减轻了胎鼠和新生F1代小鼠的体重 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但对F0 雌性小鼠的生殖功能及F1代小鼠的一般体征、中枢神经系统发育及生殖机能均无影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) .纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠生殖无毒剂量为 0 .18U/kg .表 2参 9     

水稻秸秆浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生理特性的影响

室内利用流式细胞仪对暴露于不同浓度水稻秸秆浸泡液下铜绿微囊藻的细胞生长、细胞膜完整性、膜电位、酯酶活性进行了为期15 d的检测,研究了水稻秸秆浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生理特性的影响.结果发现,浸泡5 d的水稻秸秆液可以抑制藻的生长,呈明显的浓度抑制型变化;PI荧光检测显示暴露于浸泡液的各组细胞(>98%)的细胞膜保持高度完整;FDA荧光检测显示与对照组相比,第1、4d处理组酯酶活性增强和减小的细胞都有增加,但活性下降的细胞数量明显多于活性增强的细胞,第7 d酯酶活性下降的细胞数量明显增加,而增强的细胞数量基本不变,第10、15 d酯酶活性正常的细胞数量增加显著,而酯酶活性下降的细胞数量明显减少,增强的细胞变化幅度较小;DIOC6(3)荧光检测显示膜电位在前7 d变化显著,第10、15d变化程度减弱,与酯酶活性变化趋势一致.分析表明,浸泡液存在促进和抑制藻细胞生长的两种作用,抑制作用占据优势,随着暴露时间延长,促进作用消失,抑制作用有所下滑,浸泡液对藻细胞生长具有抑制性而非致死性的作用.     

（R）—酮基布洛芬乙酯对映选择性水解酶产生菌的筛选及其特性

以酮洛芬乙酯为唯一碳源，经过两轮富集培养从土壤中分离得到45株优先生成（S）-酮洛芬和25株优先生成（R）-酮洛芬的菌株，其中产物对映体过量值高于85%的分别有13株和9株。在25株优先选择（R）构型的菌株中，G13号菌的活性较高而且选择性最好，对G13号菌的培养和催化特性研究表明：在培养基中添加吐温-80可以显著提高细菌的催化活力；静息细胞的最适反应温度为40℃，最适pH范围为7.0-8.0，在具有档板和磁力搅拌的三角板中，用G13号菌的静息细胞水解酮洛芬乙酯（50mmol/L），68h的转化率为33.7%，产物（R）-酮洛芬的对映体过量值达到93%。     

Subcellular distribution op neurotoxic esterase activity in lamb and mouse brain

Abstract

Brain tissue samples of nice (7.5 g from 25 mouse brains and lamb (25 g) were homogenized and subcellular fractions prepared in order to assay the distribution of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity. The specific inhibitor, N,N‐diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) was synthesized and purified. Maximum specific activity of NTE was reached in the microsomal fraction (110,000 g) while the enzyme activity in the soluble fraction (110,000 g) was extremely low. This subcellular distribution of NTE activity in mammal brains is an original contribution. Brain microsomal fraction is suggested to be a more reliable source for the highest activity of NTE. The specific activity of NTE of lamb brain was much higher than that of mouse brain. This night help interpretation of the characteristic species variation in susceptibility to NTE inhibitors which are known to be potent delayed neurotoxic agents.     

Alkaloid tolerance in Manduca sexta and phylogenetically related sphingids (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

Summary. Nicotine tolerance is well known for Manduca sexta. It also occurs in several other sphingids of the subfamilies Macroglossinae and Sphinginae. Only members of the subfamily Smerinthinae appear to be more susceptible to nicotine intoxication. Phylogenetic trees have been reconstructed from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear DNA to map nicotine tolerance.?The nicotine binding site of both α-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been amplified and sequenced. No apparent amino acid substitution can be seen in the putative nicotine binding site of the α-subunits of nAChR from nicotine tolerant and nicotine sensitive sphingids. Thus, a simple target-site modification can be ruled out as a cause for nicotine tolerance. This finding agrees with feeding experiments: larvae of M. sexta and other sphingids of the Macroglossinae and Sphinginae not only tolerated nicotine, but also many other alkaloids that affect neuroreceptors other than acetylcholine receptors (nAChR, mAChR).?Only 10 to 20% of nicotine injected into larvae of nicotine-tolerant taxa could be recovered later as free nicotine, nicotine N-oxide or cotinine, i.e., 80 to 90% must have been converted to polar conjugates or degradation products which are not detectable with the methods applied. Usually more than 98% of the recoverable alkaloids were found in the faeces. Excretion reached a maximum 6 h after injection in tolerant taxa. Larvae of Manduca sexta, which were reared on a nicotine-rich diet, showed higher nicotine degradation and faster nicotine elimination than na?ve larvae. Application of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF 525A (proadifen) reduced the formation of nicotine N-oxide and the rate of alkaloid degradation. Thus, an inducible detoxification mechanism, coupled with a rapid and inducible excretion, appear to be a strategy in Sphingidae that helps them to live on host plants rich in otherwise toxic secondary metabolites. Received 23 March 2001; accepted 4 August 2001.