The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study: Ecosystem Acidification, Nitrogen Saturation and Base Cation Leaching

In 1989, a watershed acidification experiment was begun on the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. Ammonium sulfate fertilizer (35.5 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹and 40.5 kg S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) was applied to a forested watershed (WS3) that supported a 20-year-old stand of eastern deciduous hardwoods. Additions of N and S are approximately twice the ambient deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the adjacent mature forested watershed (WS4), that serves as the reference watershed for this study. Acidification of stream water and soil solution was documented, although the response was delayed, and acidification processes appeared to be driven by nitrate rather than sulfate. As a result of the acidification treatment, nitrate solution concentrations increased below all soil layers, whereas sulfate was retained by all soil layers after only a few years of the fertilization treatments, perhaps due to adsorption induced from decreasing sulfate deposition. Based on soil solution monitoring, depletion of calcium and magnesium was observed, first from the upper soil horizons and later from the lower soil horizons. Increased base cation concentrations in stream water also were documented and linked closely with high solution levels of nitrate. Significant changes in soil chemical properties were not detected after 12 years of treatment, however.     

发电设备可靠性研究现状与发展

通过对国内外发电设备可靠性研究的分析,提出了我国发电设备可靠性研究大体经历了可靠性指标统计分析、传统可靠性模型分析以及电力市场下可靠性分析3个阶段。在比较各阶段研究特点的基础上,指出了建立发电设备可靠性成本与可靠性效益之间的平衡,设定反映二者关系的新的可靠性指标是电力市场下发电设备可靠性研究的新特点。笔者认为,所提出了数据挖掘技术,是发电设备可靠性管理实现实时化、智能化与预测化的一种有效方法。     

湘中地区恩口煤矿老采区复采的水害防治研究

湘中地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布,其中岩溶的发育受岩性、地貌、水文、构造运动等诸多因素的控制,主要分布在地下水排泄区,给煤炭资源的开发带来了严重水患。针对恩口煤矿水害问题,笔者在翔实的野外调查基础上,通过分析矿区水文地质条件、矿井水文地质特征;总结以往矿山防治水经验和教训;探讨今后老采区复采的防治水害方向和重点;认为壶天河的山口冲段、小碧河的西坪段、涟水河的杨家冲段等为重点防区,对河床铺底强度不可靠的部位应该重新加强铺底。     

开采引起的覆岩冒落及地表沉陷的机理与防护

本文根据覆岩的实际受力情况，对开采引起的覆岩冒落和地表沉陷机理进行了研究。即首先是岩层离层与弯曲，接着岩体移动，从而导至上覆岩层冒落，出现地表沉陷，并给出了相应的预防和维护措施。     

WATER USE AND WATER CONSERVATION BY THE COPPER MINING INDUSTRY1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered.     

榆神矿区矿井水零排放可行性分析

针对榆神矿区给排水现状，分析矿区给排水关系和矿井水的利用途径，并提出矿井水零排放的技术、管理对策，达到减少新水索取，实现零排放。     

综放工作面沿空留巷支护阻力研究

为了计算综放工作面沿空留巷支护阻力,以结构力学理论为基础,分析综放工作面沿空留巷支护阻力计算模型,建立沿空留巷围岩和支护体的结构力学模型,应用超静定结构和静定结构分析支护体与沿空留巷围岩相互作用机制,推导出巷旁支护阻力的计算公式.结果表明,进行沿空留巷支护阻力力学分析时,要考虑顶板极限断裂前和断裂后两种状态下的受力情况,支护阻力与岩层厚度、容重、煤体极限平衡区宽度、跨距、支护体宽度和巷道宽度等因素密切相关.工业性试验表明,该技术的应用是成功而有效的.因此,综放巷内沿空留巷围岩结构力学模型和支护阻力计算公式是合理的,可在类似条件的综放工作面中应用.     

带压开采陷落柱突水影响因素数值模拟

为研究承压水压与煤层陷落柱位置这两种因素对陷落柱突水的影响,在分析固流耦合数学模型的基础上,利用数值模拟软件FLAC3D,以双柳矿地质条件为背景,分别对3 MPa和5 MPa承压水压下开采上、下两组煤4种情况进行模拟,分析陷落柱及其周边围岩的渗流-塑性破坏耦合场、应力场和位移场的变化.结果表明:随着工作面推进至接近陷落柱,工作面前方集中应力场与柱体周边应力场发生耦合,并出现应力集中,当水压为5 MPa开采上组煤时应力集中系数最大,最容易形成突水危险区域;当上组煤工作面距离陷落柱为30 m时,陷落柱渗流场与集中应力场开始连通,在开采下组煤时这一距离比上组煤扩大15 ～ 20 m;煤层底板随工作面推进发生压缩-膨胀周期变化,引起拉伸、剪切破坏.     

含多弱层复合边坡滑坡治理三维数值分析

白音华二号矿滑坡区边坡治理工程是针对稳定性差的南帮非工作帮和南排土场构成的复合边坡进行的。滑坡体受多层弱层控制,治理过程中易导致边坡失稳,所以治理工程采取分区开采的条采方案,充分利用边坡治理的三维效应来进行边坡的失稳破坏研究和稳定性分析。选取滑坡区的典型剖面作为研究对象,基于强度折减方法(SRM),应用有限差分FLAC3D软件,在两种开挖条件下,对含多弱层的复合边坡的稳定性规律和破坏机制进行了数值模拟分析,揭示了多弱层对复合边坡的失稳破坏及稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,治理工程中,弱层被揭露一定宽度,滑体沿煤底板弱层水平错动、竖直方向拉裂破坏;随弱层暴露宽度的增加,边坡稳定性明显降低,说明治理边坡具有三维效应;开挖至3-3煤层底板,开挖坡角20°,弱层暴露宽度为400m,边坡的稳定系数刚好达到安全储备系数1.1,建议矿方首选此方案,可以最大限度的回收煤炭资源。