氮添加对侵蚀退化红壤化学性质及芒萁叶功能性状的影响

蕨类植物芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)是我国南方红壤侵蚀区重要的水土保持植物,但目前氮添加对芒萁叶功能性状及其基部土壤化学性质以及这二者之间关系的影响尚不清楚.以芒萁作为研究对象,采用盆栽实验,设置CK(0 g m-2 a-1)、N1(1.1 g m-2 a-1)、N2(2.3 g m-2 a-...     

定量风险评价（QRA）中的危险辨识方法

危险辨识是进行定量风险评价（QRA）的关键步骤,QRA分析区域内的危险设备设施可能很多,但并不是每台设备设施都一定要包含并进行定量风险计算,这不仅涉及到QRA的效率和成本问题,也涉及到评价结论准确性、安全投入有效性等问题。本文简要介绍并比较了欧盟ARAMIS和挪威Purple book中推介的2种危险辨识方法,有助于国内QRA分析人员参照比较及提升QRA分析的一致性。     

危险化学品重大危险源辨识中存在问题的研究与探讨

根据对GB18218—2000《重大危险源辨识》和新标准GB18218—2009《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》以及国内外重大危险源辨识标准的对比分析,提出我国危险化学品重大危险源辨识中存在的四大问题。针对重大危险源涵盖种类仍不齐全的问题,提出将重大危险源从能量和物质两个角度划分,即标准涵盖的危险源种类应加入危险能量重大危险源;针对临界量不合理的问题,提出以死亡半径作为分界点,通过模拟计算确定危险物质的临界量的方法,使确定出的临界量符合相关法律法规规定量;针对重大危险源单元范围划分不合理的问题,提出采用模拟计算,以火灾爆炸事故破坏范围中的财产损失半径来定义单元覆盖距离的方法;针对缺少重大危险源危险性分级方法的问题,通过分析比较国内较为流行的几种重大危险源分级技术的优缺点及适用条件,提出多种分级方法结合的组合式分级方法。     

Visual performance for trip hazard detection when using incandescent and led miner cap lamps

Introduction

Accident data for 2003-2007 indicate that slip, trip, and falls (STFs) are the second leading accident class (17.8%, n = 2,441) of lost-time injuries in underground mining. Proper lighting plays a critical role in enabling miners to detect STF hazards in this environment. Often, the only lighting available to the miner is from a cap lamp worn on the miner's helmet. The focus of this research was to determine if the spectral content of light from light-emitting diode (LED) cap lamps enabled visual performance improvements for the detection of tripping hazards as compared to incandescent cap lamps that are traditionally used in underground mining. A secondary objective was to determine the effects of aging on visual performance.

Method

The visual performance of 30 subjects was quantified by measuring each subject's speed and accuracy in detecting objects positioned on the floor both in the near field, at 1.83 meters, and far field, at 3.66 meters. Near field objects were positioned at 0 degrees and ± 20 degrees off axis, while far field objects were positioned at 0 degrees and ± 10 degrees off axis. Three age groups were designated: group A consisted of subjects 18 to 25 years old, group B consisted of subjects 40 to 50 years old, and group C consisted of subjects 51 years and older.

Results

Results of the visual performance comparison for a commercially available LED, a prototype LED, and an incandescent cap lamp indicate that the location of objects on the floor, the type of cap lamp used, and subject age all had significant influences on the time required to identify potential trip hazards. The LED-based cap lamps enabled detection times that were an average of 0.96 seconds faster compared to the incandescent cap lamp. Use of the LED cap lamps resulted in average detection times that were about 13.6% faster than those recorded for the incandescent cap lamp. The visual performance differences between the commercially available LED and prototype LED cap lamp were not statistically significant.

Impact on Industry

It can be inferred from this data that the spectral content from LED-based cap lamps could enable significant visual performance improvements for miners in the detection of trip hazards.     

海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价模型构建研究 ——以岱山县衢山镇为例

以岱山县衢山镇为研究区,以斜坡单元为评价单元,在重点分析地质环境条件与地质灾害相关性的基础上,筛选影响地质灾害易发性的主要参评因子,构建评价模型,并完成指标因子的分析与量化,并借助层次分析法和综合危险指数法确定易发性的综合评分,进而划定易发程度等级和修编易发程度分区.评价模型的构建过程可为海岛地区地质灾害易发性评价提供...     

Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation

Over the past few decades, four distinct and largely independent research and policy communities--disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, environmental management and poverty reduction--have been actively engaged in reducing socio-economic vulnerability to natural hazards. However, despite the significant efforts of these communities, the vulnerability of many individuals and communities to natural hazards continues to increase considerably. In particular, it is hydro-meteorological hazards that affect an increasing number of people and cause increasingly large economic losses. Arising from the realisation that these four communities have been largely working in isolation and enjoyed only limited success in reducing vulnerability, there is an emerging perceived need to strengthen significantly collaboration and to facilitate learning and information exchange between them. This article examines key communalities and differences between the climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction communities, and proposes three exercises that would help to structure a multi-community dialogue and learning process.     

The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters

Human emissions of greenhouse gases are already changing our climate. This paper provides an overview of the relation between climate change and weather extremes, and examines three specific cases where recent acute events have stimulated debate on the potential role of climate change: the European heatwave of 2003; the risk of inland flooding, such as recently in Central Europe and Great Britain; and the harsh Atlantic hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005. Furthermore, it briefly assesses the relation between climate change and El Ni?o, and the potential of abrupt climate change. Several trends in weather extremes are sufficiently clear to inform risk reduction efforts. In many instances, however, the potential increases in extreme events due to climate change come on top of alarming rises in vulnerability. Hence, the additional risks due to climate change should not be analysed or treated in isolation, but instead integrated into broader efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters.     

Local initiatives and adaptation to climate change

Climate change is expected to lead to an increase in the number and strength of natural hazards produced by climatic events. This paper presents some examples of the experiences of community-based organisations (CBOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) of variations in climate, and looks at how they have incorporated their findings into the design and implementation of local adaptation strategies. Local organisations integrate climate change and climatic hazards into the design and development of their projects as a means of adapting to their new climatic situation. Projects designed to boost the resilience of local livelihoods are good examples of local adaptation strategies. To upscale these adaptation initiatives, there is a need to improve information exchange between CBOs, NGOs and academia. Moreover, there is a need to bridge the gap between scientific and local knowledge in order to create projects capable of withstanding stronger natural hazards.     

曝气生物滤池工艺处理汽车涂装废水

采用曝气生物滤池(BIOFOR)工艺处理江铃集团汽车涂装废水取得了良好的效果。系统出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB89781996)一级排放标准,整个废水处理工程具有处理能力强、处理效果好、耐冲击负荷、不需二沉池、工艺流程简单等优点。     

应用织物填料对传统活性污泥法改造中试

采用织物填料的高效水解-好氧生物处理工艺进行城市污水厂,传统活性污泥法改造中试。介绍了该工艺的设计特点、参数及其运行效果。通过试验,结果表明,采用水解-好氧生物处理工艺投资少、运行费用低、处理效果持续稳定。在污水量为1·4×104m3/d,曝气池停留时间1·89h、气水比减少一半的情况下,该工艺处理城市污水BOD5、CODCr、SS出水指标达到国家一级排放标准,除磷脱氮效果明显优于传统活性污泥法,对总氮的平均去除率高于50%,对总磷的去除率高于70%。该方法适宜于中小型污水处理厂的改造。