泰山桃花源索道车厢进出站加减速的曲线的分析

通过介绍单线脱挂抱索器客运架空索道关键技术之一的加减速器的原理和作用,分析对比了直线（梯形）加减速曲线和“S”型加减速曲线的优劣。在原设计方图纸数据的基础上,通过对泰山桃花源索道车厢进站和出站加减速曲线的计算,得出实际车厢进站减速曲线和出站加速曲线数据并绘制出图形,同时根据计算得出的实际曲线的特点,结合所分析的直线（梯形）加减速曲线和“S”型加减速曲线的特性,对加减速器相关部件检查维护提出了相应的建议。     

中国3个AERONET站点气溶胶微物理特性分析及比较

选取中国地区区域代表性较强且观测时间序列较长的3个AERONET站点(SACOL、香河和太湖),分析了其气溶胶微物理参数特征. 香河和太湖多年平均气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分别为0.67±0.66和0.72±0.44,是SACOL AOD平均值(0.38±0.27)的近2倍,且AOD变化范围较大. SACOL春冬季AOD较大,夏秋季AOD较小;而香河和太湖夏春季较大,秋冬季较小.结合尺度分布、体积浓度等参数特征说明沙尘是SACOL春季最主要的气溶胶类型,香河春季受沙尘的影响也较严重,而太湖受沙尘影响的频率较香河要小的多;香河和太湖AOD最大值出现月份与细模态粒子体积浓度最大值出现月份一致,是由于细模态粒子的消光效率是粗模态粒子的3~4倍.细模态体积比(Vf/Vt)的年变化趋势与?ngstr?m波长指数(?)的年变化趋势相似,Vf/Vt和?均可以用来分析粒子尺度大小的年变化特征.但?1.7时,Vf/Vt大于0.6,以细模态粒子为主;而0.75相似文献   

基于卫星遥感和地面观测资料分析苏皖两省一次空气污染过程

2012年6月8~11日,江苏安徽2省发生了一次持续性的空气污染过程.利用MODIS观测的气溶胶产品和地面气象资料,结合火点监测资料和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比例(FMF)、空气污染指数(API)的特征,探究这次空气污染的形成原因.研究表明,这次过程中苏皖2省8个代表城市的能见度大部分时间低于10km,相对湿度低于90%,API均达到或超过污染等级,AOD显著增长,且污染物以人类活动产生的细粒子为主.区域细粒子比例(RFMF)达0.79,高FMF(>0.6)出现的概率高达74.8%.另外,苏皖2省稳定的天气形势,不利于污染物扩散.6月8~11日,苏皖2省(北部地区为主)出现大量的火点,表明有秸秆焚烧现象的存在.从HYSPLIT模式的模拟结果来看,苏皖2省8个代表城市在此期间主要受到偏西方向的气流以及局地气流的影响,偏西方向的气流有利于外部秸秆焚烧的污染物经过输送影响本地区,同时局地气流不利于扩散,从而造成污染物积累,形成污染.     

黑龙江海伦农业区冬春PM2.5和气态污染物污染特征

2011~2012年冬春期间(11月到翌年4月),通过设置在海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的在线监测仪器获取了PM2.5和气态污染物(NOx、O3和SO2)质量浓度的时间变化,同时结合地面气象资料和HYSPLIT后向气团轨迹模型分析了该地大气污染物的污染水平、可能来源及传输过程.结果表明:观测期间PM2.5、NOx和SO2的24h均值(范围)分别为(54.7±45.7)(8.0~217.8),(23.0±11.5)(4.5~59.6), (10.0±10.3)(0.3~56.0)μg/m3, O3的日最大8h平均值(范围)为(62.4±18.7)(24.1~173.5)μg/m3,其中除O3在4月份超过国家一级标准8d外,其它气态污染物均未超过国家一级标准;PM2.5超过国家二级标准的天数为40d,占整个观测期间的22.5%.PM2.5和SO2各月质量浓度变化较大,最高值出现在12月份,是冬季采暖的高峰期.NOx、PM2.5和SO2日变化呈双峰型,峰值出现在07:00和17:00左右;O3为单峰型,峰值出现13:00~15:00.通过对海伦地区72h内HYSPLIT后向气团轨迹模拟结果和该站点的气象数据进行分析,表明该农业区大气污染受本地源和区域输送共同影响,偏南气流易造成污染物积累,而偏北气流有利于污染物扩散.     

南京地区冬夏季大气重污染个例对比分析

本文研究了南京仙林地区在秸秆焚烧、逆温造成的大气污染的特征,分析了不同时期大气各成分的浓度变化.秸秆焚烧产生的大气污染事件中,颗粒物浓度上升最为显著,其中PM10的浓度最高可达0.65mg/m3,污染持续时间约36h.冬季污染期持续更长,但颗粒物峰值小于夏季,PM10浓度约在0.4mg/m3.根据Fernald方法反演得到的激光雷达消光系数计算不同高度AOD表明,秸秆焚烧造成的污染在空间上的分布较为均匀而冬季污染期近地表AOD的贡献超过40%.后向轨迹分析表明了污染期的气团在1500m高度的来源和1000m之下有差异,48h内的来源距离较短,近地表的大气质量受到周边地区的影响大,非污染期的气团垂直高度上性质较为均一,来源较为一致,来源距离较长.     

硝化液回流比对A2/O-BCO工艺反硝化除磷特性的影响

以低C/N城市生活污水为处理对象,重点考察了硝化液回流比对A2/O - BCO(生物接触氧化)工艺脱氮除磷特性的影响.在A2/O反应池水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,污泥回流比为100% 条件下,将硝化液回流比分别设定为100%、200%、300%和400%进行试验.结果表明, 系统在A2/O中实现了反硝化除磷,具有很好的同步氮磷的去除效果,出水COD浓度均在50mg/L以下.上述不同硝化液回流比下总氮(TN)去除率分别为48.8%、66.5%、75.6%和62.5%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为86.0%、90.3%、91.0%和95.0%.在硝化液回流比为300%时,系统平均出水TN和TP浓度分别为14.96mg/L和0.49mg/L.系统反硝化除磷量随着硝化液回流比的增大略有增加,在硝化液回流比为400%时,反硝化除磷量高达磷总去除量的98%.     

北极夏季大气气溶胶单颗粒研究

为研究北极地区大气气溶胶颗粒的物理化学特性,于2013年8月8~12日环Svalbard岛收集大气气溶胶样品,利用带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)共分析2530个单颗粒,并获得颗粒物的形貌特征和化学组成.结果表明,北极地区颗粒物主要表现为5种类型,分别为海盐颗粒、富S颗粒、富Fe颗粒、含碳颗粒和矿物颗粒.后向气流轨迹显示,采样期间大气污染物主要来自于北极点周边的海洋上空和附近格陵兰岛地区.来自海洋上空的大气中主要包含海盐颗粒,所占数量比例为54.7%;经过陆地的大气样品中95.4%为矿物颗粒.利用时间密度因子法估算出北极地区PM2.5质量浓度范围为0.55~0.72mg/m3.     

北京秋季大气气溶胶光学厚度与Angstr?m指数观测研究

利用2010年10~11月CE318太阳光度计观测资料,得出了北京市秋季气溶胶光学厚度(AODλ=500nm),Angstr?m波长指数(α)和浑浊度(β).结果显示,气溶胶AOD,Angstr?m指数,浑浊度平均值分别为0.5(±0.69)、0.95(±0.33)、0.24(±0.31),变异系数分别为139%、35%和132%.非污染天,AOD变化较小,峰值出现在15:00,但大气中细粒子组分相对较高;污染天,AOD波动很大,没有明显的日变化,颗粒物以细粒子为主.非污染天,当α1.0,两者呈现正相关;污染天,两者无明显关系,但当AOD>1.0,α随AOD的增大而变小.当Vmax4m/s,AOD和α均出现小值,α与AOD呈负相关.风向也是影响α和AOD变化的重要因素,尤其ENE为主导风向时,α与AOD呈明显正相关.温度的变化并未对α和AOD的变化造成很大影响.局地扬尘或沙尘气溶胶呈非亲水性,但当α>0.5,AOD随相对湿度(RH)的增大有一定程度的增大.     

Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea

In the northern Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the mucilage phenomenon is usually related to the aggregation of extracellular organic matter of phytoplanktonic origin under special seasonal and trophic conditions. Environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, nitrogen, phosphorus and N/P ratio as well as polysaccharide and monosaccharide levels in the presence and absence of mucilage were investigated in the northern Adriatic Sea. Variations in temperature and salinity during spring in years characterised by mucilage events have been recognised having an important role in preparing a favourable physical environment where mucilage formation could take place. Since the DIN/TP ratio increased markedly during the spring months (March–April) in 2002, 2003 and 2004, preceding the early summer mucilage outbreaks, it appeared that the DIN/TP ratio may be a more robust predictor than the DIN/DIP ratio, which, although more commonly used, exhibited a discontinuous trend. The contents of total carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and polysaccharides, in seawater also varied according to the presence or absence of mucilage, with an increase of polysaccharide levels during the late spring or early summer in the period of the mucilage appearance. The role of carbohydrates in the macro-aggregate formation was also investigated.     

Occupancy Patterns of Regionally Declining Grassland Sparrow Populations in a Forested Pennsylvania Landscape

Organisms can be affected by processes in the surrounding landscape outside the boundary of habitat areas and by local vegetation characteristics. There is substantial interest in understanding how these processes affect populations of grassland birds, which have experienced substantial population declines. Much of our knowledge regarding patterns of occupancy and density stem from prairie systems, whereas relatively little is known regarding how occurrence and abundance of grassland birds vary in reclaimed surface mine grasslands. Using distance sampling and single‐season occupancy models, we investigated how the occupancy probability of Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) and Henslow's Sparrows (A. henslowii) on 61 surface mine grasslands (1591 ha) in Pennsylvania changed from 2002 through 2011 in response to landscape, grassland, and local vegetation characteristics . A subset (n = 23; 784 ha) of those grasslands were surveyed in 2002, and we estimated changes in sparrow density and vegetation across 10 years. Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrow populations declined 72% and 49%, respectively from 2002 to 2011, whereas overall woody vegetation density increased 2.6 fold. Henslow's Sparrows avoided grasslands with perimeter–area ratios ≥0.141 km/ha and woody shrub densities ≥0.04 shrubs/m². Both species occupied grasslands ≤13 ha, but occupancy probability declined with increasing grassland perimeter–area ratio and woody shrub density. Grassland size, proximity to nearest neighboring grassland ( = 0.2 km), and surrounding landscape composition at 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 km were not parsimonious predictors of occupancy probability for either species. Our results suggest that reclaimed surface mine grasslands, without management intervention, are ephemeral habitats for Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrows. Given the forecasted decline in surface coal production for Pennsylvania, it is likely that both species will continue to decline in our study region for the foreseeable future. Patrones de Ocupación de Poblaciones Regionalmente Declinantes de Gorriones de Pastizales en un Paisaje Boscoso de Pennsylvania