可溶性微生物产物的产生及影响因素分析

对可溶性微生物产物(SMP)的产生和性质进行了概述,指出SMP是影响生化出水水质的重要因素;建立了完全混合反应器中SMP浓度的计算公式。基质降解量(△S)、污泥龄(@)、污泥产率因数(y)和衰减速率系数(b)是影响SMP浓度的4个重要因素,SMP浓度同污泥浓度、水力停留时间无关。分析表明,对应某污泥龄,反应器中SMP浓度可达到最低,控制污泥龄可以达到降低出水中SMP浓度的目的。     

循环式活性污泥法中好氧选择区的运行条件研究

研究了循环式活性污泥法好氧生物选择区的停留时间和整个系统中泥龄、污泥负荷、曝气时间等运行参数对选择区内微生物吸附性能的影响。结果表明 ,选择器停留时间 3 0 min,系统泥龄 9～ 15 d,曝气 2 h,污泥有机负荷为 0 .3 g CODCr/(g ML SS·d)左右时 ,选择器中微生物的吸附性能最优 ,可去除进水中 90以上的 CODCr。     

Trends and patterns in fatal US motorcycle crashes, 2000–2016

Objective: To investigate trends of motorcyclist fatalities and identify at-risk populations by motorcyclist demographics and crash characteristics.

Methods: We used the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database (2000–2016) to track fatality rate trends, which were quantified by using Poisson mixed-effects regression models comparing 2000–2001 and 2007–2008, as well as 2009–2010 and 2015–2016.

Results: The overall fatality rate per 100,000 population increased from 2000 to 2016, defined by two trend lines—before and after the economic recession in 2008–2009. The overall fatality rate ratio between 2000–2001 and 2007–2008 was 1.60 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.51–1.70], and between 2009–2010 and 2015–2016 was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02–1.18). Fatality rates increased among all age groups, particularly for motorcyclists aged 60 and older. Those aged 18–29 had the highest fatality rates overall. Age-and-sex standardized state fatality rates were consistently highest in Wyoming, South Dakota, and South Carolina and lowest in Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey.

Conclusion: Motorcycle fatality rates increased overall and across all age groups between 2000 and 2016. Fatalities for the oldest riders showed the steadiest increasing trends. Results highlight the continued public health burden of motorcyclist fatalities and, by extension, the importance of improving motorcycle safety.     

Combining remote sensing imagery and forest age inventory for biomass mapping

Aboveground biomass (AGB) of forests is an important component of the global carbon cycle. In this study, Landsat ETM(+) images and field forest inventory data were used to estimate AGB of forests in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China. Three different vegetation indices, including simple ratio (SR), reduced simple ratio (RSR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were calculated from atmospherically corrected ETM(+) reflectance images. A leaf area index (LAI) map was produced from the RSR map using a regression model based on measured LAI and RSR. The LAI map was then used to develop an initial AGB map, from which forest stand age was deduced. Vegetation indices, LAI, and forest stand age were together used to develop AGB estimation models for different forest types through a stepwise regression analysis. Significant predictors of AGB changed with forest types. LAI and NDVI were significant predictors of AGB for Chinese fir (R(2)=0.93). The model using LAI and stand age as predictors explained 94% of the AGB variance for coniferous forests. Stand age captured 79% of the AGB variance for broadleaved forests (R(2)=0.792). AGB of mixed forests was predicted well by LAI and SR (R(2)=0.931). Without differentiating among forest types, the model with SR and LAI as predictors was able to explain 90% of AGB variances of all forests. In Liping County, AGB shows a strong gradient that increases from northeast to southwest. About 64% of the forests have AGB in the range from 90 to 180 t ha(-1).     

人口年龄结构、人口迁移与东北经济增长

近些年来,中国东北地区经济增速的迅速下滑引发了广泛关注,与此同时,东北地区的人口老龄化与人口流失局面也在加速发展,为探究二者间的联系,本文在梳理文献的基础上,选择从人口年龄结构和人口迁移的视角切入,利用扩展的索洛模型推导了各变量与人均资本、人均产出间的关系。并通过对地级市面板数据的一阶系统广义矩估计研究了人口年龄结构,人口迁移等变量对东北经济增长的影响及经济增长对人口迁移的反作用,利用交叉项分析探讨了人口因素对东北不同经济发展水平地区的差异化影响。实证发现:1劳动年龄人口占比与东北经济增长成正相关,而人口老龄化与人口净迁出均对东北经济增长产生了不利影响;2相较于一般性的人口流动,户籍人口的净迁出对经济增长的不利影响更突出;3人口年龄结构与人口迁移对发达地区和落后地区产生的影响会有所差异;4东北经济增长存在惯性且符合区域增长收敛理论;5投资率与劳动力参与率这两个变量则未能通过显著性检验。6经济增长也对人口迁移产生了一定的反作用。在此基础上,本文针对性地提出了一些建议:1东北地区应及时科学综合地应对人口老龄化,开发老龄人力资源,调整人口政策,平衡地区间养老压力,发展老龄产业;2东北地区应控制人口流失局面,放宽户籍限制,加快国企改革,形成合理的产业结构与制度环境,留住人才。     

填埋场渗滤液腐殖酸随填埋龄的变化特性及模型研究

以福建省12个不同填埋场渗滤液作为研究对象,分析了不同填埋龄渗滤液中腐殖酸的性质随填埋龄的变化关系.结果表明,渗滤液中富里酸(FA)浓度和比例都高于胡敏酸(HA),且HA、FA和腐殖酸(HS)的浓度都随着填埋龄的增加呈先上升后下降,HA所占比例随填埋龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而FA和HS则是先上升,后呈波动变化.HA、FA的E280、E300/E400和E465/E665的分析结果表明HA较FA有更多的芳环结构,更大的分子量和较高腐殖化程度;随着填埋龄的增加,HA的腐殖化程度呈下降趋势,而FA则呈上升趋势;HA和FA的E300/E400和E465/E665随填埋龄的增加并未有明显的变化趋势.根据有机物降解动力学原理建立模型,分别对HA、FA和HS的浓度和填埋龄的变化关系进行拟合,结果表明模型的模拟值和实测值具有较好的一致性,HA、FA和HS模拟值和实测值的相关系数R2分别为0.820、0.932和0.946.表明该模型能有效模拟和预测腐殖酸随填埋龄的浓度变化关系.     

南丹矿业活动影响区人群头发中重金属含量特征

为探讨矿业活动对"有色金属之乡"南丹矿区周边常住居民健康的影响,采集矿业活动影响区车河镇、大厂镇、长老乡及对照区六寨镇中典型村庄居民发样200个,用原子荧光形态分析仪(AFS-9700)、石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱仪(AA 700)和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(Optima 7000)测试其重金属含量.结果表明,受影响区人群发样中As、Sb、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为1.260、2.161、2.466和20.92μg·g-1,分别是对照区的4.0、20、2.1和1.9倍,且车河、大厂人群发样中Sb含量超出推荐正常范围;受影响区人群发样中Zn含量与居民年龄呈负相关(P0.05,n=151),Cd和Pb含量与居民年龄呈弱负相关(P0.1,n=151);通过独立样本t检验,受影响区男性居民发样中Cd含量显著高于女性(P0.05),而女性居民发样中Cu和Zn含量显著高于男性(P0.05).调查区域人群发样中As与Sb、Cd与Pb、As与Cd呈显著相关性(P0.01).可见,南丹矿业活动对周边常住人群人发重金属积累效应明显.     

人发铅、锌含量的研究

从山西省临汾市及其效区，收集了1518份健康人的头发样品（年龄从新生儿到70岁），用原子吸收光谱法测定其锌（Zn)和铅（Pb）的含量，结果表明：女性头发中锌的含量高于男性，而男性头发中铅的含量高于女性，从婴儿组（＜1岁）到青春发育组（15－19岁），发锌含量随着年龄的增长而增加，从青春发育组到老年组（61－70岁），发锌含量随着年龄的增长而降低，新生儿头发中含铅量量低，从新生儿到幼儿期91－2岁），发铅含量随着年龄的增长而增加，从幼儿期开始，随着年龄增长，发铅含量不断下降，这些结果意味着，人体中铅与锌可能是相互拮抗的，结果还表明，城市居民（除新生儿外）的发铅含量高于郊区居民的发铅含量，然而，城市和郊区居民的发锌含量未见差异。     

Prenatal diagnosis for women aged 37 years and over: to have or not to have

Forty percent of pregnant women aged 37 years and over do not have prenatal diagnosis despite being eligible for a free test. The present study aimed to determine how often, and which, untested women were making a choice about this, how many declined an offer and why. A questionnaire was given to untested women, aged 37 years and over, at no less than 24 weeks gestation. A total of 375 (81.5%) women declined, 72 (16%) were not offered a test and 13 presented too late antenatally. There was a three-fold increased likelihood (OR 3.10 95% CI 1.44, 6.65) of no offer for urban non-English speaking background women, compared with the reference group (metropolitan, English speaking). Unpartnered women were also significantly less likely to receive an offer (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.19, 8.46). Risk to the baby was the main reason for declining. When offered non-invasive prenatal screening, most decliners of prenatal diagnosis accepted, even those who declined because they were opposed to abortion. We estimate that overall 33% of older pregnant women were being offered and declining amniocentesis and/or chorion villus sampling (CVS). Only 6% were not offered a test, but this small proportion is over-represented by minority groups who must be given equal opportunity to make this choice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural under-canopy regeneration and height-age structure of small-leaved linden (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tilia cordata</Emphasis> Mill.) undergrowth in water-conservation forests around Pavlovskoe Reservoir,Ufa River

Natural regeneration and the height-age structure of small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) under a forest canopy were studied with regard to specific features of forest typology on the Ufa Plateau. For the first time, the height-age structure of linden undergrowth was analyzed by an anatomical method, which allowed accurate determination of the actual plant age and linear increment. The results of this analysis made it possible to reveal three periods in the development of linden undergrowth with respect to the linear growth rate and abundance of plants. More successful regeneration of linden was observed in open elements of relief.