Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper in soil

Aging effect on the mobility and bioavailability of copper (Cu) was investigated using a spiked soil with different incubation periods from 3 to 56 d. Wheat was planted and earthworm was cultured separately in the incubated soils. The mobility of Cu in soil was evaluated by a chemical fractionation scheme and the toxicity and bioavailability were assessed by measuring the biomass and Cu concentration in tissues. Results showed that aging had a significant effect on Cu fraction distribution, of which Cu tended to incorporate from the exchangeable into more stable fractions such as the reducible and oxidisable fractions. However, aging had little effect on Cu bioavailability to wheat and earthworms. Comparing the soil being incubated for 3 d and 56 d, Cu concentration in wheat roots decreased from 14.5 to 12.8 mg/kg, and no significant changes in Cu concentration were observed in both wheat shoots and earthworms. The Cu concentration was around 2.0 and 50 mg/kg for wheat shoots and earthworms, respectively, irrespective of soil incubation time. The CaCl2-extractable Cu had a linear relationship with Cu concentration in wheat roots (R2 = 0.65, P < 0.05), but no linear relationship can be found for wheat shoots and earthworms. Biological control may be more crucial for Cu accumulation in organism than the changes in soil Cu fraction caused by aging.     

运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术初步研究广州大气矿尘污染

自主研发的单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)采用空气动力学透镜、双激光测径系统以及双极飞行时间质量分析器,并用其对广州市大气细颗粒物进行在线分析,实现了矿尘颗粒物的空气动力学直径和化学组成的同时检测. 在连续4 d的采样中,共采集到249 057个粒径在0.2～1.2 μm且同时含有正负质谱信息的颗粒物,其中矿尘颗粒物占7.9%. 结果表明:矿尘颗粒物的正离子成分以Ca2+,K+>/sup>,Fe2+和Na+>/sup>为主,同时还含有Li+>/sup>,Mg2+,V>/sup>5+,Ba2+和Ti4+等;负离子成分以NO₃->/sup> 和NO₂->/sup>为主,另外还含有HSO₄->/sup>,SiO₃->/sup>和PO₃->/sup>等. 在广州市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘贡献不如含碳颗粒物和生物质燃烧颗粒物,且在矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、含钠钾颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分.      

Maturation of work attitudes: Correlated change with big five personality traits and reciprocal effects over 15 years

As employees grow older, do their attitudes regarding work change over time? Can such long‐term changes be understood from a personality development perspective? The present study addressed these fundamental questions by tracking 504 young professionals' work attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and work involvement) and Big Five personality traits over the first 15 years of their professional career. We specifically investigated whether trait changes drive peoples' changing attitudes, a mechanism we called maturation of work attitudes. Latent change models first indicated significant associations between traits and attitudes at the beginning of the career, and mean‐level changes in Big Five traits (i.e., increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and decreases in Neuroticism) in the direction of greater functional maturity. Although no significant mean‐level changes in work attitudes were observed, results regarding correlated change indicated that variability in attitude change was related to variability in trait change and that this indeed signaled a maturational process. Finally, reciprocal effect estimates highlighted bidirectional relations between personality and attitudes over time. It is discussed how these results (i) provide a better understanding of potential age effects on work‐related attitudes and (ii) imply a revision of the traditional dispositional approach to attitudes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国特色养老旅游地功能内涵及体系探讨——基于“五老功能”多样化诉求视角

基于人们日益增长的"老有所养、老有所医、老有所学、老有所为、老有所乐"多样化诉求,依据马斯洛需求层次理论,构建我国养老型旅游地功能体系,提出在已有旅游目的地中融入养老旅游所需元素的"嵌入式"发展路径和在城郊、小城镇、乡村等适宜场地专门建设养老型旅游地的"专业式"发展路径。从日常生活、医疗保健、学习氛围、老年就业、愉悦体验5个维度提出养老型旅游地的发展目标,从健康服务体系、分类医养体系、终身教育体系、科学劳动体系、旅游产品体系5个方面给出发展建议。     

老化前后轮胎磨损微粒与聚氯乙烯微粒对抗生素的吸附-解吸行为

近年来,微塑料（microplastics,MPs）作为一类新型污染物,广泛存在于水环境中而备受关注.与典型微塑料（PVC、PP、PE和PS）相比,轮胎磨损微粒（tire wear particles,TWP）在组成成分、添加剂种类和理化特性上存在显著差异.为深入比较TWP与典型MPs对有机污染物吸附-解吸行为的不同.以TWP和PVC微粒为目标MPs,土霉素（OTC）和磺胺甲唑（SMZ）为目标污染物,研究了TWP及PVC微粒老化前后对有机污染物的吸附-解吸特性,这对正确认识MPs潜在的水环境生态风险具有重要意义.结果表明,TWP及PVC在紫外线老化过程中,均表现为颗粒表面出现裂纹、凹坑和凸起,比表面积增大,含氧官能团强度增加,亲水性增强等现象.老化前后TWP及PVC的吸附模式均表现为表面吸附和液膜扩散两个阶段,其中TWP对Freundlich模型的拟合性较好,属于多层吸附;而PVC对Langmuir模型的拟合性较好,属于单层吸附.TWP对SMZ和OTC的载体能力均强于PVC,其中新制TWP与PVC对OTC的最大吸附量分别可达到5.14 mg·g^-1和1.38 mg·g^-1;而老化后TWP和PVC对OTC的最大吸附量分别增加至5.82 mg·g^-1和2.13 mg·g^-1,要大于老化前.解吸实验中,老化后TWP及PVC对抗生素的解吸量均高于老化前,而解吸率却随之降低.在同种解吸液中,老化前后TWP对抗生素的解吸量均高于PVC.而在模拟肠液环境下老化前后TWP及PVC对抗生素的解吸量均要高于在超纯水环境下.     

淡水系统中4种塑料颗粒的老化过程及DOC产物分析

淡水系统中的微塑料污染及其生态效应已经引起国内外学者的广泛关注,但关于不同类型微塑料在自然环境中的老化研究较少.为探究不同类型微塑料的老化过程,分析老化产物,以4种水体中常见的微塑料聚丙乙烯（polystyrene,PS）、低密度聚乙烯（low-density polyethylene,LDPE）、聚丙烯（polypropylene,PP）和聚羟基丁酸（polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB）为研究对象,进行了40 d的自然光老化实验.结果表明：①在老化过程中,4种不同类型塑料老化析出液水质指标pH、ORP、EC和DO均产生不同程度的上升或下降趋势.②经扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）观测发现LDPE表面形态变化最大,已经形成裂纹和孔洞.傅立叶红外检测发现,实验中LDPE的羰基指数增加程度最大,增加了31.48%.③微塑料老化会产生溶解态产物,即溶解性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）,DOC质量浓度随老化时间增加而增加,与本底值相比,老化40 d的PHB、PP和LDPE微塑料析出液中DOC质量浓度增加显著,分别增加了61.29%、69.49%和89.15%.以上结果表明经自然光照射,塑料会在自然水体中出现明显的老化,并释放出有机物,由此带来的生态效应应受到更多的关注和研究.     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)老化过程的安全性及寿命预估

目的 针对3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)使用和贮存过程的安全性问题,拟开展老化过程的安全性研究,获得老化过程热稳定性、机械感度等变化规律及机理,为DNTF的安全使用和贮存提供技术指导.方法 通过高温加速老化试验,分别研究DNTF在老化过程中的热稳定性、机械感度等安全性能变化,利用显微拉曼光谱技术和液相色谱-质...     

Accelerated alkalinity regulation and long-term dry-wet aging durability for bauxite residue remediated with biomass pyrolysis

Biomass fermentation provides a potential route toward the ecological disposal for the bauxite residue（BR） with high alkalinity issues. However, how to accelerate the remediation of the alkaline problem with a long-term durability is still a big challenge. Herein, we investigated the acceleration of the decomposition of straw toward organic acid species via a pyrolysis strategy as well as the pH stability during long-term dry-wet aging for the treated BR. The pH of pyrolytic BR at 300 °C is stab...     

老化作用对微塑料吸附镉的影响及其机制

新兴污染物微塑料被证实可吸附传统重金属污染物镉(Cd),而其在自然环境中不可避免地经历老化过程而发生改变,目前囊括多种材质的微塑料并涉及关键的老化作用对其吸附Cd影响的综合性和机制性的研究仍缺乏.选取PS、ABS、PP、PVC和PET等5种代表性的微塑料,通过紫外辐射法进行老化,全面对比了老化前后微塑料比表面积、结晶度...     

外加芘在2种水稻土及其团聚体培养中的老化及其可浸提性和生物有效性的变化

老化是指有机污染物进入土壤后,随着时间的增加,其生物有效性、毒性和可浸提性会逐渐下降的现象.采用室内培养法研究了外加多环芳烃芘在2种水稻土乌栅土(潜育型水稻土)和黄泥土(潴育型水稻土)及其不同粒组团聚体中的老化现象,并采用二氯甲烷提取和蚯蚓吸收试验比较了培养老化后外加多环芳烃芘的可浸提性和生物有效性的变化.结果表明,培养90d后芘的浸提率下降了15%~23%,蚯蚓的摄食量也下降了37%~67%,说明外加有机污染物进入水稻土后发生了显著的老化现象,从而降低了其环境移动性和生物有效性.但不同粒径团聚体中老化程度没有差异,不过对蚯蚓的生物有效性存在差异.因此,并不能根据土壤中有机污染物的含量来预测其环境风险和生物有效性.