重庆市农地重金属基线值的厘定及其积累特征分析

为了确定重庆市农地土壤重金属基线值,了解重金属积累情况,明确优先控制元素,本研究基于地球化学基线原理,根据分层抽样采集6个土壤类型的表层土样共214个;在严格质量控制下,测定各个样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量.采用数理统计法、迭代剔除法和累积频率曲线法确定8种重金属的基线值,并应用地球化学基线因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法评估了重庆市农地土壤重金属积累状况.结果表明,重庆市农地土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的基线值分别为5. 83、0. 25、66. 78、25. 45、0. 069、29. 90、26. 18、78. 44 mg·kg~(-1).地球化学基线因子指数法评估表明土壤As、Hg、Zn积累最为突出,分别有14. 65%、11. 82%、3. 88%样点达重度积累;地质累积指数法评估表明Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb超过93%的样点处于无积累,Hg、Zn、As轻度积累比例分别为26. 60%、21. 84%、21. 21%,仅As和Zn有5. 56%和0. 49%的样点为中度积累.水稻土、紫色土与潮土、黄壤、石灰岩土相比重金属积累程度轻.渝东北大巴山石灰岩中低山区、渝东南武陵山石灰岩低山区As、Zn点位积累率较高,渝西窟窿丘陵台地区、渝中中高丘平行岭谷区Hg、As点位积累率较高.两种评估方法均表明重庆市农地土壤主要积累重金属为As,其次为Hg、Zn,应加强管理防范.     

农村多水塘系统景观结构对非点源污染中氮截留效应的影响

多水塘系统在滞留和降解农业面源污染中发挥着巨大作用.不同景观结构特征的多水塘系统对农业面源污染的截留率也存在差异.本文针对多水塘系统的功能及特点,选择4个不同景观结构的小流域作为研究区域,分析降雨前后多水塘系统水环境的变化特征及其对氮元素的截留情况,并揭示其截留率与水塘系统景观结构之间的关系.结果表明:(1)雨前水塘水体中总氮(TN)浓度的变化范围在1. 32～6. 32 mg·L~(-1)之间,雨后TN质量浓度增加到2. 8～16. 99 mg·L~(-1)之间,其中,硝氮(NO_3~--N)占TN的质量分数为20%～74%;(2)多水塘系统对TN、NO_3~--N和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的平均截留率分别为50. 09%、48. 71%和52. 75%;(3)小流域1中的水塘系统对氮的截留率最低,平均次降水过程中小流域2中的水塘系统对氮的截留量最低,仅为56. 10kg,远低于小流域4中水塘系统对氮的截留量324. 43kg;(4)多水塘系统对氮的截留率受到水塘个数、面积及水塘与水塘之间沟渠密度的影响,其中沟渠密度对氮截留率的影响最大.本研究结果可为农村多水塘系统的管理及规划提供科学依据.     

污水厂尾水占主导溪流养分滞留潜力及影响因素

为了解污水厂尾水排入对小河流养分滞留的影响,选择南淝河流域二十埠河上游污水厂尾水占主导的磨店小溪流为对象,根据野外示踪试验和模型模拟结果,利用养分螺旋指标定量评估溪流NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和SRP滞留潜力,识别主要影响因素.结果表明,NH₄⁺-N和SRP的主流区一阶吸收系数（λ）较暂态存储区（λ_s）高1个数量级,而且两者的λ或λ_s数值大小颇为接近.S_w-NH₄、S_w-SRP和S_w-NO₃平均值分别为12.71,14.09,7.48km,均远高于溪流总长度,意味着溪流已不具备氮磷养分的去除能力.NH₄⁺-N和SRP吸收长度高于NO₃^--N,但其吸收速度却较NO₃^--N低,表明NO₃^--N滞留潜力相对较高.与该溪流上已有研究的比较,未发现污水厂尾水排入对溪流养分滞留带来明显的不利影响.回归分析表明,水文条件是影响溪流氮磷滞留的重要因素,虽然V_f-SRP、U-SRP都与暂态存储显著相关（P<0.05）,但NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N吸收指标与其关系并不显著.     

WATER QUALITY OF AN INTENSWE AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: . Under a watershed based approach being examined by the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture to accelerate the adoption of conservation practices, a study on the impacts of agricultural practices on the St. Esprit watershed was initiated in the fall of 1993. The water quality of this 26 km² intensive agricultural watershed was studied over an 18 month period. Water samples taken at the outlet of the watershed were analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, suspended sediment, and atrazine. Water quality data were analyzed to establish seasonal trends in pollutant concentration and load in the watercourse. Spring snowmelt was identified as a significant period of pollutant material export. All pollutant materials displayed seasonal variability in the export process. Peak pollutant concentrations were associated with high flow events. Mean observed pollutant concentrations did not exceed drinking water quality standards.     

ADDITION OF SPURS TO STONE TOE PROTECTION FOR WARMWATER FISH HABITAT REHABILITATION1

ABSTRACT: Longitudinal stone toe is one of the most reliable and economically attractive approaches for stabilizing eroding banks in incised channels. However, aquatic habitat provided by stone toe is inferior to that provided by spur dikes. In order to test a design that combined features of stone toe and spurs, eleven stone spurs were placed perpendicular to 170 m of existing stone toe in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, and willow posts were planted in the sandbar on the opposite bank. Response was evaluated by monitoring fish and habitats in the treated reach and an adjacent comparison reach (willow post planting and standard toe without spurs) for four years. Furthermore, physical habitats within the treated reach were compared with seven reaches protected with standard toe on a single date three years after construction. Overall results indicated that spur addition resulted in modest increases in baseflow stony bankline, water width and pool habitat availability, but had only local effects on depth. These relatively small changes in physical habitat were exaggerated seasonally by beaver dams that appeared during periods of prolonged low flow in late Summer and Autumn. Physical changes were accompanied by shifts in fish species composition away from a run-dwelling assemblage dominated by large numbers of cyprinids and immature centrarchids toward an assemblage containing fewer and larger centrarchids. Biological responses were at least partially due to the effects of temporary beaver dams.     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土壤上施用的效果--以豆科作物为例

研究了燃煤烟气脱硫副产物的农业利用价值，该物质在酸性土壤上施用对豆科作物的影响以及对环境的影响。研究结果显示，燃煤烟气脱硫副产物有很好的农业利用价值；在不同类型的红壤上，豆科作物适量施用脱硫副产物均有不同程度的增产和提高品质的效果，并能有效地改善土壤的理化性能；供试物中的重金属含量均没有超过国家的限量标准，故适量施用后，当造作物植株中检出的重金属均低于国家限量标准。     

Status of Cadmium Concentration in Soil and Vegetable Irrigated with City Effluent

Cadmium is a toxic and carcinogenic element[1].In the1950s and 1960s,cadmium intoxication was considered to bestrictly an occupational disease.It was not until recognition of thecontribution of cadmium exposure to the etiology of Itai-itai dis-ease.It is …     

溪流底栖动物定量与半定量采样法比较研究

溪流底栖动物定量和半定量采样法在个体数、物种数、物种相似性及生物指数方面的比较研究表明:(1)急流生境中,半定量样(踢网)的个体和物种数高于定量样(索伯网);静水-缓流生境中,半定量样(D形网)的个体和物种数一般高于定量样,且物种数有显著差异(z=-2.032,P<0.05).(2)同一样点半定量样(踢网加D形网)与定量样之间的物种相似性(平均为0.68)高于急流生境(0.56)和静水-缓流生境(0.45).(3)同一样点半定量样和定量样单独计算的生物指数值之间无显著差异.建议在应用溪流底栖动物开展水质生物评价时,可用半定量采样法完成野外采样.图4表1参8     

The Environmental Limits to Globalization

Abstract:  Criticisms of globalization have been largely based on its socioeconomic effects, but the environmental impacts of globalization are equally important. These include acceleration of climate change; drawdown of global stocks of cheap energy; substantial increases in air, water, and soil pollution; decreases in biodiversity, including a massive loss of crop and livestock varieties; depletion of ocean fisheries; and a significant increase in invasions of exotic species, including plant, animal, and human pathogens. Because of negative feedback from these changes, the future of globalization itself is bleak. The environmental and social problems inherent in globalization are completely interrelated—any attempt to treat them as separate entities is unlikely to succeed in easing the transition to a postglobalized world.     

稀土的hormesis效应及其农用对农业生态环境的潜在影响

毒物刺激效应(hormesis)是指毒物对生物生理过程产生的刺激效应。从稀土元素对生物的刺激效应及其疑似"环境激素"的问题出发,探讨农业应用稀土对农业生态环境的潜在影响。