环境激素甲草胺对摇蚊谷胱甘肽硫转移酶的抑制作用

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)是生物体内重要的解毒酶。为研究环境激素甲草胺对溪流摇蚊GST的抑制作用及机理,采用酶标仪微量法测定甲草胺对溪流摇蚊4龄幼虫GST的抑制活性及抑制类型。结果表明甲草胺在72 h活体染毒和离体状态下均能显著抑制溪流摇蚊GST的活性,且抑制程度随着药物浓度的增大而增大。甲草胺抑制GST活性的反应为可逆性抑制。进一步的酶动力学分析揭示甲草胺对GST的特异底物1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯(CDNB)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)均表现为竞争性抑制,即甲草胺仅影响米氏常数(Km),不改变酶促反应的最大反应速度(Vmax)。以上结果表明农药残留污染物甲草胺在胁迫下对摇蚊幼虫GST酶活性会受到显著影响,甲草胺对GST的抑制机制为可逆性和竞争性抑制。     

HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION BY THE 1993 GREAT FLOOD ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RWER1

ABSTRACT: The Great Flood of 1993 inundated more than 355,000 ha of illinois cropland, creating great concern for the possible contamination of farmland by herbicides. The objective of this study was to assess the herbicide contamination of floodwaters and farmland due to the great flood of 1993. Floodwater samples were collected between August 5 and December 20, 1993, at the Horseshoe Lake State Game Reserve in Alexander County, Illinois, USA. Water and suspended sediment were tested separately for the more commonly used herbicides in Illinois and the midwestern USA: alachior, atrazine, and cyanazine. These herbicides were detected in the floodwater samples, but concentrations were all below the health advisory concentration of 3 μg/L established for drinking water by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. No herbicides were detected in the suspended sediment. After the recession of the flood, soil samples from flooded and non-flooded corn fields were collected for comparison. Soil samples taken from two out of three sampling locations had a 0.4 to 0.8 μg/kg increase in atrazine at the flooded verses the non-flooded sites. Concentrations were 500 to 1,000 times lower than the recommended 1 mg/kg rate at which this herbicides typically applied to soil.     

TiO2/Ti光电极电助光催化降解甲草胺的研究

采用阳极氧化法制备了TiO₂/Ti光电极,并通过电助光催化的方法研究了恒电流法和恒电压法对甲草胺的降解效率.实验证实了在光催化和电催化之间存在协同效应,反应溶液中加入Na₂SO₄电解质后,SO₄^2-可以被价带空穴氧化成强氧化性的S₂O₈^2-,继而可以氧化处理物质,提高甲草胺的降解效率.实验结果表明：甲草胺在羟基自由基的作用下通过羟基化作用和脱烷作用,发生断键、开环等一系列的氧化还原反应,最终生成CO₂和H₂O等无机小分子物质.     

Ultrasonic decomposition of atrazine and alachlor in water.

Abstract

The collapse of ultrasonically‐generated cavitation bubbles can result in sonochemical reactions. The kinetics of sonochemical decomposition of alachlor and atrazine in water were determined using a sonicator operating in the continuous mode at maximum output. Alachlor and atrazine solutions, 3.1 nmol L^‐1, were kept at constant temperature during the sonication. Decomposition at 30°C followed first‐order kinetics: k = 8.01 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 and 2.10 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 for alachlor and atrazine, respectively. It is not clear from the product analysis whether the decomposition was due to a thermal or free radical reaction. However, regardless of the decomposition mechanisms, the extrapolated half‐lives (86 and 330 min for alachlor and atrazine, respectively) support the potential development of ultrasonic waves to decompose herbicides in contaminated water.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca2 + -, Mg2 + -. Al3 + -and Fe3 + -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg2+ ＜ Ca2+ ＜ Al3+ ≤ Fe3+ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

Analytical methods for the determination of alachlor,metolachlor, simazine and atrazine mobility in soils

Abstract

A method for the determination of the mobility of the herbicides, alachlor, metolachlor, simazine and atrazine in soil is described . The method is based on the use of soil thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and does not require the use of radiolabelled compounds. Soil on the TLC plate after development was separated into various bands, the material in each band was extracted with solvents and analyzed by gas chromatography.     

Field calibration of surface: A model of agricultural chemicals in surface waters

Abstract

Agricultural chemicals sporadically occur at detectable levels in the surface waters of intensively farmed watersheds. HSPF, a previously released model of agricultural chemicals in surface water, had been used to predict concentrations which were much higher (10 X) than those actually observed during monitoring studies. A new model, SURFACE, is described here which is much simpler than HSPF and gives better predictions of surface water concentrations. SURFACE uses PRZM, an EPA model, to calculate edge‐of‐field runoff losses and simple hydraulic routing algorithms to determine concentrations at the bottom of large river basins. In water systems sampled during 1985 and 1986, SURFACE predictions of annualized mean concentrations for alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were within 0.09 ppb half of the time.