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31.
Objective: The current study evaluates of the effects of lowering the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit from 0.10 to 0.08?g/dL across all 50 states in the United States. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the effects of the 0.08?g/dL BAC limit on drinking driver fatal crash rates; (2) compare the effects from early-adopting states to the effects of late-adopting states; (3) determine the effects on drivers with low BACs (0.01–0.07?g/dL) and high BACs (0.08+ g/dL); and (4) estimate the lives saved since 1983 due to the adoption of 0.08?g/dL BAC laws.Methods: Our study examined annual data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) for each jurisdiction from 1982 through 2014. Our basic outcome measure was the ratio of drinking drivers (BAC ≥0.01?g/dL) to nondrinking drivers (BAC?=?0.00?g/dL). Covariates included 0.10 BAC laws, administrative license revocation (ALR) laws, seat belt laws, minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws, and unemployment rates. We utilized autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models for each state, where the implementation date of the law was modeled as a zero-order transfer function in the series, in addition to any extant trends that may have been occurring simultaneously. Before determining the specific impact of the implementation of 0.08?g/dL BAC laws, we conducted a time series analysis for each state. We tested for between-state mediating factors relating to our covariates.Results: A total of 38 of the 51 jurisdictions showed that lowering the BAC limit was associated with reduced drinking driver fatal crash ratios, with 20 of those reductions being significant. The total effects showed a 10.4% reduction in annual drinking driver fatal crash rates, which is estimated to have saved an average of 1,736 lives each year between 1983 and 2014 and 24,868 lives in total. Implementing a BAC limit of 0.08?g/dL had significant impacts on both high- and low-BAC fatal crash ratios. Though early-adopting jurisdictions (1983–1999) demonstrated a larger decrease in fatal drinking driver crash ratios than did late-adopting jurisdictions (2000–2005), the results were not statistically significant (P?>?.05).Conclusions: Our study of the effects of lowering the BAC from 0.10 to 0.08?g/dL in the United States from 1982 to 2014 showed an overall effect of 10.4% on annual drinking driver fatal crash rates, in line with other multistate studies. This research provides strong evidence of the relationship between lowering the BAC limit for driving and the general deterrent effect on impaired-driving fatal crash rates. 相似文献
32.
汽车燃料和排放物的快速气相色谱分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1 IntroductionGaschromatographyisthemostfrequentlyusedmethodsforthespeciationandquantificationoforganiccompoundsingasphaseandliquidphase .Thechemicalanalysisoforganiccompoundsintheautomotivefuelsandexhaustspeciesisanextremelyimportantandcomplexprocedure … 相似文献
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Potential Habitat and Biodiversity Losses from Intensified Biodiesel Feedstock Production 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
LIAN PIN KOH 《Conservation biology》2007,21(5):1373-1375
35.
Heather?R. Britt Bradley?P.?CarlinEmail author Traci?L.?Toomey Alexander?C.?Wagenaar 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2005,12(4):411-426
Misuse of alcohol is a significant public health problem, potentially resulting in unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes,
drownings, and, perhaps of greatest concern, serious acts of violence, including assaults, rapes, suicides, and homicides.
Although previous research establishes a link between alcohol consumption increased levels of violence, studies relating the
density of alcohol outlets (e.g., restaurants, bars, liquor stores) and the likelihood of violent crime have been less common.
In this paper we test for such a relationship at the small area level, using data from 79 neighborhoods in the city of Minneapolis,
Minnesota. We adopt a fully Bayesian point of view using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computational methods as available
in the popular and freely available WinBUGS language. Our models control for important covariates (e.g., neighborhood racial
heterogeneity, age heterogeneity) and also account for spatial association in unexplained variability using conditionally
autoregressive (CAR) random effects. Our results indicate a significant positive relationship between alcohol outlet density
and violent crime, while also permitting easy mapping of neighborhood-level predicted and residual values, the former useful
for intervention in the most at-risk neighborhoods and the latter potentially useful in identifying covariates still missing
from the fixed effects portion of the model. 相似文献
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本文实验了Pb~(2+)—kI—丁基罗丹明B显色体系在阿拉伯胶和聚乙烯醇共同存在时的超高灵敏显色反应。缔合物最大吸收波长605nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=1.04×10~6L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。结合巯基棉分离技术,测定了尿液和城市废水、嘉陵江水中的痕量铅,结果满意。 相似文献
38.
研究了超声场降解水溶液中叔丁醇的行为,并探讨了反应动力学模式。实验表明.在本实验条件下超声波降解叔丁醇能够达到较好的降解效果。叔丁醇的去除率随着超声辐射时间的延长而提高,在频率为20kHz、功率为1500W的超声场下,作用80min能够达到90%左右的去除率。反映体系的降解速率随着反应温度的提高而升高,随着初始浓度的增大而降低:反应体系的pH值对叔丁醇的降解率影响不大:溶液中溶解气体的种类对降解效果有一定影响。反应速率常数按照由快到慢的顺序为ko2〉k未作处理〉kN2。在一定的初始浓度条件下,超声波降解叔丁醇的反应符合假一级反应动力学模式。 相似文献
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40.
糖蜜酒精废水厌氧可生化性实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用自制的球形反应器对糖蜜酒精废水进行厌氧可生化性研究.实验持续了40 d,CODcr从38 652 mg·L-1下降到6 094 mg·L-1,总去除率达84.23%.说明糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧可生化性较好;硫酸盐浓度由最初的3 860 mg·L-1下降到470 mg·L-1,去除率为87.82%.同时,有机污染物的去除高峰期比其硫酸盐延迟了2~4 d,说明可以通过控制运行反应条件和参数,对该废水采用两相厌氧处理工艺,在产酸相提前去除大部分的硫酸盐,减弱高浓度硫酸盐对厌氧反应的抑制作用. 相似文献