蓝藻水华形成过程对氮磷转化功能细菌群的影响

为探寻蓝藻水华形成过程中细菌群落结构和氮、磷转化功能菌群的动态变化,利用细菌16S rRNA基因的高通量测序和功能基因的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法,分析了在蓝藻水华过程中水体细菌群落组成及功能菌群的变化情况.高通量测序结果证明了蓝藻水华形成过程中细菌群落的多样性降低,细菌群落在水华期和非水华期具有不同的结构.随着水华过程中蓝藻密度的增加,水体中Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes相对丰度减少,而Firmicutes相对丰度增加;蓝藻水华对聚磷菌(PAOs)具有富集作用,对硝化细菌具有抑制作用,而反硝化细菌的数量在中度水华条件下显著增加. qPCR结果显示,随着蓝藻水华的持续发展,硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度下降甚至消失,表明水体中氮转化过程可能受到抑制,此过程也有利于水华过程中微囊藻快速增殖对氮的需求,对水华蓝藻的生长具有正反馈作用.     

西南山区典型河道型水库藻类功能群时空演替特征及其影响因素:以紫坪铺水库为例

为了解中国西南山区河道型水库——紫坪铺水库的藻种类的构成、演替及其影响因素,于2016年4月~2017年3月对紫坪铺水库8个点位进行采样分析,首次探索该区藻类生物量、藻类构成并进行藻类功能分组、分析环境因子与功能群之间的关系.结果表明,共检出藻类6门49属,其中绿藻门18属,硅藻门15属,裸藻门7属,蓝藻门6属,甲藻门2属,隐藻门1属,可分为21个功能群:B、C、D、F、G、H_1、J、L_0、L_M、M_P、N、P、S_2、T、W_1、W_2、X_1、X_2、X_3、Y、Z.紫坪铺库区一年内不同时期的藻类优势功能群存在明显差异,其中W_2、Y、L_0、W_1、M_P、B是紫坪铺水库的优势藻类功能群.该库区藻类C-R-S生长策略的季节演替过程中,R策略藻种长期占据优势地位,S与C策略藻种占优时间相对较少.紫坪铺库区2016年6月发生轻度水华,水华藻种为甲藻门多甲藻属,其功能群分组为L_0,生长策略为S型胁迫耐受者.藻密度、叶绿素a、水温、五日生化需氧量是主要的影响因子,其中水温的变化对藻类功能群演替影响程度最大.     

城市景观水体中浮萍对水华的影响分析

为探究城市景观水体中浮萍对水华暴发的影响,于2015年3—9月在4处典型的景观河道进行采样点布设和检测分析。现场观测从2015年4月2日开始,各采样点陆续出现浮萍,且随着时间的延长,发现浮萍和水华是可以同时存在的;再将检测数据与2014年未出现浮萍生长覆盖的数据进行对比分析可知:浮萍对藻类的生长产生了竞争抑制,推迟了水华的暴发时间,减小了水华的暴发次数;对造成该结果的原因进行显著性分析可得:浮萍对藻类的抑制作用不主要表现在光照的遮挡,而主要是对营养盐的竞争,在有大量的浮萍生长覆盖时,TP成为了限制藻类生长的因素,而TN并不是藻类生长的限制性因素。     

Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience1

Johnsen, Torbjørn M., Wenche Eikrem, Christine D. Olseng, Knut E. Tollefsen, and Vilhelm Bjerknes, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):6-13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00386.x Abstract: In Norwegian waters, Prymnesium parvum has been reported from Oslofjorden in the south to Spitzbergen in the north. However, blooms of P. parvum have only been reported from the Sandsfjorden system in Ryfylke, Western Norway where the salinity of the permanent brackish layer (2-5 m) typically is in the range of 4-7 psu during the summer months. The first bloom on record occurred in 1989, and it killed 750 metric tons of caged salmon and trout which was a significant economic loss to the fish farming industry. Toxic blooms occurred as well in subsequent years and the number of fish farms in the area decreased considerably as did the occurrence of P. parvum. In 2005, fish farming was reintroduced to the area and again, in 2007 a toxic bloom of P. parvum killed 135 metric tons of caged fish. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research has, in collaboration with “Erfjord Stamfisk” fish farm, set up a monitoring program that includes light microscopy cell counts of Prymnesium, water quality measurements, and observation of the caged fish. A submergible fish net was mounted over the fish pens and during the toxic outbreak of P. parvum in July-August 2007, which was as previous years confined to the upper brackish water layer, the fish nets were lowered to 10 m depths below the surface and fish feeding was temporarily stopped. Despite substantial weight loss, the fish survived the toxic bloom and the economic loss was minimal. Monitoring of P. parvum bloom dynamics in 2007 revealed that populations were initially dominated by the nonmotile forms which were gradually replaced by the flagellated forms. Toxicity was observed when the flagellated cells dominated populations in the summer. Chrysochromulina, solitary small Chaetoceros species, and small centric diatoms co-existed with P. parvum during the monitoring period (June-October).     

九龙江北溪拟多甲藻水华防治与应急处置

2009年初以来,在福建省九龙江北溪的支流和干流连续发生了拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis penardii)水华。经检测,拟多甲藻水华没有明显的生物毒性,但其所形成的深褐色水色和轻微藻腥味对该流域的龙岩、漳州和厦门三城市的生产和生活是造成了一定的影响。研究结果表明,在甲藻水华的防治与应急处置过程中,必须进一步加强组织体系建设,明确各职能部门职责,并根据不同水域的实际情况和季节变化,采取相应的物理、化学和生物方法予以防治和应急处置。     

36种典型除草剂对绿藻的毒性研究

近年来,农药对生态系统的初级生产者——藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学研究引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。除草剂在生产中广泛应用,对藻类的毒性作用最强,其毒性效应远高于杀虫剂和杀菌剂。论文选择市场上具有典型代表性的36种除草剂原药,分析解读除草剂在国内的登记情况,以及在作物、旱田和水田的使用情况;明晰对藻类生长抑制急性毒性效应。结果表明:1)除草剂的作用方式和化学类别对绿藻毒性影响显著;对于抑制植物细胞分裂和作用于植物叶绿体的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较高,以人工合成植物生长素为代表的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较低;2)相同作用方式,不同化学类别的除草剂,对单一绿藻的毒性差异明显。在水稻上获得登记的除草剂对藻类毒性整体低于在旱田获得登记的除草剂对藻类的毒性。开展多种农药对水生生态毒性的研究,为农药的合理安全使用、农药在淡水环境中的生态效应评价以及保护淡水生态系统提供科学依据。     

Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00400.x Abstract: In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14-0.25 mg/l un-ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine^®-Plus (0.2-0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193-220 mJ/cm² doses or ozone at 0.4-1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5-12,500 mg/l for 0.25-24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.     

Impact of climate factors on cyanobacterial dynamics and their interactions with water quality in South Taihu Lake,China

Cyanobacterial bloom events in South Taihu Lake cause serious water quality problems and disturb aesthetic view of lake’s environment. In this study, correlations between cyanobacterial blooms and hydro-meteorological factors, including water quality, temperature and precipitation were investigated. Results demonstrated that South Taihu Lake was heavily affected by cyanobacteria and the proliferation of cyanobacteria due to variations in hydro-meteorological factors and water quality conditions. Water quality parameters, including COD, NH₃-N, TN and TP improved significantly since 2008 even at an elevated cyanobacterial bloom situation. Correlation analyses have shown that the development of cyanobacterial density and chlorophyll a concentration was sensitive to a wider temperature variation. The optimum temperature for cyanobacteria was 20°C, while extremely low and high temperatures were found to suppress their growth. Moreover, unusual rainfall patterns were measured during the study period (2003–2009), which showed an adverse impact on cyanobacterial development. Findings from this study suggested that seasonal lake’s water quality monitoring; suitable treatment of cyanobacterial blooms and strict policy implementation can solve the water quality issues in highly eutrophic lakes like Taihu.     

鲢鳙放养水平对淀山湖浮游植物群落影响的围隔实验

在淀山湖进行放养不同密度鲢、鳙的围隔实验（密度水平梯度设置为0、40、80和120 g/m3）,探索鲢、鳙的现场控藻效果。结果表明,实验后期（8—9月）,鲢、鳙放养密度为80 g/m3和120 g/m3的围隔对叶绿素a的去除效果显著（P〈0.05）;且放养密度为80 g/m3的围隔蓝藻比例降幅最明显。鲢、鳙对较大个体藻...     

Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity,With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review1

Hagström, Johannes A., Mario R. Sengco, and Tracy A. Villareal, 2010. Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity, With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):187-198. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00402.x Abstract: Harmful algal bloom (HAB) control and mitigation is a complex problem in ecosystem management. Phytoplankton play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers and food sources for many commercially important shellfish and there are limited options for targeting just a single species within the community. Chemical treatments (e.g., algaecides), rotting barley straw, nitrogen and phosphorus manipulation, and clay and/or flocculants are but a few techniques tested or used to reduce fish kills or shellfish contamination during a HAB event. Prymnesium parvum control has focused on the use of chemicals, nutrient manipulation, and clay flocculation. However, many HAB control methods have been rejected due to their effects on ecosystems, high costs, or limited effects on target organisms. For example, rotting barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) is considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative, but has been found to have very different results on the phytoplankton community depending on the dominating taxa and is ineffective against P. parvum and dinoflagellate blooms. Clay flocculation is a useful control/mitigation technique during fish kills in marine aquaculture sites in South Korea and can be effective in freshwater if the correct combination of clay and flocculent is used. Toxins produced by P. parvum and Karenia brevis also bind to phosphatic clay, thereby removing and/or neutralizing the toxins, but there is concern that the clay will have a negative effect on sessile organisms. Some shellfish suffer high mortalities and significant impacts on somatic and reproductive tissue growth at high clay loads; however, benthic communities appear to be unchanged after five years of clay treatment in South Korea. There are likely site-specific and ecosystem-specific characteristics that make generalizations about control options difficult and require careful assessment of options at each location.