胶州湾入海河流和排污口水体中壬基酚的污染状况调查及入海通量核算

调查了2009年枯水期和丰水期胶州湾河流入海口和污水处理厂排污口壬基酚污染状况,并初步估算了胶州湾陆源壬基酚的入海通量。结果显示,入胶州湾各河流水体中壬基酚浓度差异较大,枯水期和丰水期分别为0.11～3.17 μg/L和0.09～10.8 μg/L,其中墨水河污染最为严重,其次为娄山河、海泊河、跃进河、李村河、大沽河、镰湾河和白沙河,而洋河污染则相对较轻;各污水处理厂出水口壬基酚浓度相对稳定,枯水期和丰水期为0.11～0.17 μg/L和0.15～0.29 μg/L。枯水期和丰水期胶州湾壬基酚入海通量分别为6.5 kg/d和11.8 kg/d。     

Volatile organic compound emissions from wastewater treatment plants in Taiwan: legal regulations and costs of control

This study assessed volatile organic compound (VOC) emission characteristics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in five Taiwanese industrial districts engaged in numerous manufacturing processes, including petrochemical, science-based industry (primarily semiconductors, photo-electronics, electronic products and biological technology), as well as multiple manufacturing processes (primarily pharmaceuticals and paint manufacturing). The most aqueous hydrocarbons dissolved in the wastewater of Taiwanese WWTPs were acetone, acrylonitrile, methylene chloride, and chloroform for the petrochemical districts; acetone, chloroform, and toluene for the science-based districts; and chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons for the multiple industrial districts. The aqueous pollutants in the united WWTPs were closely related to the characteristics of the manufacturing plants in the districts. To effectively prevent VOC emissions from the primary treatment section of petrochemical WWTPs, the updated regulations governing VOC emissions were issued by the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration in September 2005, legally mandating a seal cover system incorporating venting and air purification equipment. Cost analysis indicates that incinerators with regenerative heat recovery are optimal for treating high VOC concentrations, exceeding 10,000ppm as CH(4), from the oil separation basins. However, the emission concentrations, ranging from 100 to 1000ppm as CH(4) from the other primary treatment facilities and bio-treatment stages, should be collected and then injected into the biological oxidation basins via existing or new blowers. The additional capital and operating costs required to treat the VOC emissions of 1000ppm as CH(4) from primary treatment facilities are less than US$0.1 for perm(3) wastewater treatment capacity.     

Predicting sublethal effects of herbicides on terrestrial non-crop plant species in the field from greenhouse data

Guidelines provided by OECD and EPPO allow the use of data obtained in greenhouse experiments in the risk assessment for pesticides to non-target terrestrial plants in the field. The present study was undertaken to investigate the predictability of effects on field-grown plants using greenhouse data. In addition, the influence of plant development stage on plant sensitivity and herbicide efficacy, the influence of the surrounding vegetation on individual plant sensitivity and of sublethal herbicide doses on the biomass, recovery and reproduction of non-crop plants was studied. Results show that in the future, it might well be possible to translate results from greenhouse experiments to field situations, given sufficient experimental data. The results also suggest consequences at the population level. Even when only marginal effects on the biomass of non-target plants are expected, their seed production and thereby survival at the population level may be negatively affected.     

砷在不同物候期香蒲中的分布及其生理影响

为研究砷(As)在挺水植物中的富集和植物的逆境适应特征,以香蒲(Typha angustifolius L.)为例,通过水培模拟实验,研究As(浓度为0、0.5、2.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L)胁迫下不同物候期(生长期、花果期、枯黄期)香蒲叶组织和亚细胞水平As的分布特征及对活性氧代谢的生理影响。结果表明:香蒲叶组织As含量随As胁迫浓度的增加呈现逐渐升高的趋势;随着香蒲的生长(生长期、花果期、枯黄期),叶组织中As含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,As含量在生长期最高,表明生长期的香蒲对As的富集积累能力最强。在As胁迫下,随着香蒲的生长,叶细胞壁和细胞液中As的分布比例之和为63.5%~84.5%,表明细胞壁和细胞液组分是香蒲储存As的主要部位。As对不同物候期香蒲叶中过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响与As浓度呈正相关,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性产生低促高抑的作用,在不同物候期,POD与CAT存在互补关系,表明香蒲通过限制As细胞壁的固持和细胞液的区隔化来降低As的毒害;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随香蒲生长和As浓度增加均显著增加,表明抗氧化酶相互协作是香蒲应对As胁迫的重要策略。     

氮肥企业退役地块氨氮污染及其风险研究

基于氮肥企业退役地块土壤、地下水、土壤气和室内空气中氨氮的实测数据,分析了氨氮在各地块中的污染水平和分布特征,评估了氨氮污染的人体健康风险,分析了氨挥发造成的刺激性异味风险和对室内空气质量的影响,及氨氮迁移转化对附近地表水和下游地下水水质的污染风险.分析发现,4个地块中土壤和地下水氨氮含量均表现较强的变异性,土壤中氨氮最高浓度分别高达12700.00,2420.00,2920.00,2370.00mg/kg,地下水中氨氮最高值分别高达7550.00,5100.00,847.00,3760.00mg/L.在平面分布上,4个地块中土壤和地下水较高浓度氨氮均主要分布在生产区和污水处理区,在垂向分布上4个地块间存在差异,氮肥厂I的土壤以黏土为主,多数点位氨氮含量随深度增加而递减,氮肥厂II、III和IV的土壤以粉土/粉砂或粉土夹粉黏为主,氨氮含量总体呈现随深度增加而增加的趋势.4个地块中,仅氮肥厂I在最保守条件下土壤中氨氮的最高危害熵(1.54)略超可接受风险水平(1.0).氮肥厂II和IV的土壤气和室内空气中检出氨浓度范围分别为≤ 9.88mg/m³和≤ 0.18mg/m³,对室内空气质量未产生不利影响.氮肥厂I和II紧邻河流监测井中的氨氮浓度超《地表水环境质量标准》中IV类(1.5mg/L)标准1.05~409.33倍,氮肥厂III和IV污染区地下水中氨氮浓度在至少4次监测结果中有轻微降低,且在下游监测井中发现硝态氮的积累.分析结果表明,4个地块在现状条件下土壤和地下水氨氮污染的人体健康风险较低,对室内空气质量影响较小.但地块地下水中氨氮是附近地表水和下游地下水环境的长期污染源,氨氮转化的硝态氮更易向下游迁移.建议今后处理氮肥企业退役地块氨氮污染时将其对地表水和下游地下水环境的污染风险纳入考虑.     

核电厂应急监测策略

综述了目前国内外核电厂环境辐射监测策略研究的现状与发展趋势,分析了核电厂应急监测需要关注的主要问题,包括应急监测的概念和范围、基本原则和要求、监测内容、组织管理策略、核事故时序和各阶段的应急监测策略、基础设施和设备需求、采样策略、需要关注的核素及其分析方法、质量管理策略等,在此基础上形成了应急监测策略的分析方法.提出今...