天然和水热合成针铁矿对有机物厌氧分解释放CH4的影响

以乙酸钠为碳源,通过序批式实验研究了天然和水热合成针铁矿对铁还原菌-甲烷菌厌氧微生物生化系统中CH4释放量的影响.通过对实验过程中气体组分、溶液中总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)、Fe2+等主要组分的分析测定和固体产物的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,结合对矿物的比表面(BET)、XRD、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析表征,探讨了针铁矿在铁还原菌存在下对有机物厌氧消化产CH4的影响和作用机制.利用修正Gompertz方程对累计产CH4和CO2量进行拟合.结果表明,与对照实验组相比,添加针铁矿能使CH4累计释放量提前60～78 d达到最大值,并且能有效降低CO2释放量达30%～67%,添加水热合成针铁矿较之天然针铁矿更能促进CH4释放和减少CO2释放;固体产物分析表明添加针铁矿促使菱铁矿形成固定部分CO2.     

玉米秸秆厌氧降解复合菌系的微生物群落结构

以不同来源具有木质纤维素降解能力的环境样品为接种物,以玉米秸秆为唯一碳源,进行了秸秆厌氧降解微生物的驯化培养,构建了8组复合菌系.复合菌系的产气周期为30～50 d,玉米秸秆的总固体(TS)去除率在30%～40%之间.其中6组的甲烷产量(以TS计)为62.1～118.4 mL.g-1,发酵液中挥发性有机酸主要为乙酸、丙酸及丁酸(100～500 mg.L-1),发酵终产物pH为6.5～6.7;而另外2组的甲烷产量较低,在8.5～9.7 mL.g-1之间,但乙酸浓度较高(1 200 mg.L-1左右),发酵终产物pH为5.6～5.9.通过16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对复合菌系中细菌及古菌的群落结构进行了多样性解析,结果表明细菌主要分为8个不同的类群,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)及热袍菌门(Thermotogae)为优势菌群,分别占细菌克隆总数的37.8%、34.3%、11.6%和6.4%;古菌属于甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia)和甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria),分别占古菌克隆总数的61.1%和38.9%.对主要功能菌群在秸秆厌氧降解产甲烷过程中发挥的作用进行了探讨.     

Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene by Soil Sulfate-Reducing Microbes under Various Electron Donor Conditions

Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) by soil sulfate-reducing bacteria was investigated using acetate, lactate and methanol as electron donors. Results show that the effectiveness of biotransformation of PCE by soil sulfate-reducing bacterial is dependent upon the type of electron donor used.     

Biomethanation of brewery wastewater using an anaerobic upflow blanket filter

A large flow of effluent is generated from brewery plants and needs treatment before discharging into the environment. A laboratory-scale investigation was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the anaerobic upflow blanket filter (UBF) process for the biomethanation of a brewery effluent. The results show that the process, when operated at ambient temperatures of 20–29°C and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2440 mg/l, could remove the majority of the organic matter at a low hydraulic retention time. The process produced a potentially usable energy. These results compare favorably with the results obtained from investigations into the biomethanation of brewery effluent using other anaerobic processes.     

Heavy-metal ion complexation by particulate matter in the leachate of solid waste: a multi-method approach

The metal ion binding characteristics of particulate matter obtained from column experiments on the anaerobic digestion of solid waste were studied using a titrimetric approach. The experimental set-up allowed us to study the dynamics of particle bound ligand concentrations during digestion processes typically found in landfills.We developed a continuous titration method by simultaneously using a Cd-sensitive and pH electrode and combining metal and acid/base titrations. This technique allows for a more precise determination of pK_a-log K_M pairs for each ligand than metal titrations alone. The results were compared with titration methods using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) with longer equilibration times in order to further characterize ligand properties such as reaction kinetics, the electrochemical lability of the respective complex during DPASV, the distinction between metal adsorption to particulate matter and metal complexation by soluble ligands adhered to particles, reversibility of the binding process by competition studies, and resistance against purging with nitrogen gas.The properties of seven major metal binding ligands were identified and assignments to the most likely functional groups were made. The most important ligand properties are for ligand A: pK_a ≈ 9.2, log K_cd ≈ 7.0 fast reaction kinetics (mercapto groups); ligand B: pK_a = 4.8, log K_Cd ≈ 6.0, slow reaction kinetics (chelates with 3 or 4 carboxylic groups); ligand C: pK_a ≈ 6.0, log K_Cd ≈ 13.0, irreversible metal binding at basic pH-values (uptake inside bacterial cells); ligand D: pK_a = 7.7, log K_Cd = 4.0, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter with digestion time (primary amines neighboring oxo groups); ligand E: pK_a ≈ 12.0, log K_Cd = 9.0, runs parallel to P content of particulate matter (phosphate); ligand F:pK_a > 9.0, log K_{Cdf = pKa + 0.4}, runs parallel to N content of particulate matter (primary amines neighboring SH groups); and ligand G: pK_a ≤ 4.8, log K_Pb ≈ 4.3, strong Pb²⁺ ligand, even at low pH-values.Metal ions were found to be irreversibly bound by ligand C at low heavy-metal concentratins, whereas at higher concentrations the binding is reversible and can be predicted using the mass of the digestion process (methanogenic phase). All other ligands have their concentration maximum in the transition phase between acetogenic and methanogenic phase.     

Cd~(2+) removal from wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

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ANAMMOX体系中氨与硫酸盐的同步转化条件

在CFSTR(continuous flow stirred tank reactor)反应器中接种混合污泥(ANAMMOX污泥与污水厂浓缩污泥按1∶1混合)研究NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)的同步转化,通过不断投加污泥令体系内ORP值稳定在(-200±50) mV,同步转化现象持续42 d,NH_4~+平均转化14. 81 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)平均转化8. 77 mg·L~(-1).在批试实验中通过溶液是否充满玻璃瓶来控制体系内厌氧条件,不充满组NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)均降低,但两者的转化不同步;在完全充满组中NH_4~+不转化,SO_4~(2-)浓度下降明显,实验后期检测到S~(2-).分析认为同步转化现象产生的一般条件为NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)基质充足,接种浓度适量的混合污泥,体系漏氧且ORP检测值在-150～-300 mV范围内.同时认为本文及相关研究中所使用的实验条件均不能证明NH_4~+与SO24-的同步转化是两者相互转化的结果,相反实验条件更利于NH4+与SO24-各自独立转化.     

不同浸提剂条件下生物炭溶解性有机物的浸出规律

生物炭广泛应用于环境污染修复、土壤改良和废物生物转化过程,但其中的可浸出物质可能在应用过程中释放,对反应体系和环境造成不利影响.以厌氧消化不同阶段的模拟溶液(蒸馏水、缓冲盐溶液、甲醇和腐殖酸溶液)为浸提剂,采用高分辨液质联用仪,研究了不同浸提剂条件下生物炭浸出液的溶解性有机物组成.生物炭各浸出液中共检测到536种有效物质,其中有100种物质与标准物质数据库高度匹配.结果表明,这100种物质的相对分子质量分布在109～458范围内,平均相对分子质量为290. 2,涵盖苯酚类、芳香酸类、芳香醛和酮类、脂肪酸类等物质.相比传统研究方法采用的蒸馏水,生物炭在厌氧培养常用缓冲盐溶液中多浸出了3种脂肪酸和4种芳香族物质;甲醇浸出液中的物质类别最丰富,共计71种,其中包括大量的酚类和有机酸类物质;腐殖酸溶液浸取过程中,部分腐殖酸,包括醇和脂肪酸类物质会被生物炭吸附,但腐殖酸同时促进了生物炭中酚类物质的浸出,总体可被检测出的有机物种类减少了41. 7%.     

硫酸盐对污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞迁移转化的影响

为研究污泥高级厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征以及硫酸盐对污泥厌氧消化过程中汞形态迁移转化的影响,本研究以高温热水解污泥的厌氧消化为研究对象,考察了不同硫酸盐投加浓度下污泥厌氧消化过程中甲基汞的迁移转化特征.结果表明,污泥厌氧消化初期(第1～3 d)发生了汞的甲基化作用,平均甲基汞/总汞比例由0.024%(比值范围为0.019%～0.033%)增加到0.038%(比值范围为0.030%～0.048%),甲基汞净增量分别增加了3.97、 6.09、 0.17、 3.71和1.66倍,随后第3～5 d却发生了明显的汞去甲基化作用,甲基汞净增量降低了71.25%(范围为67.42%～75.10%).硫酸盐对厌氧消化初期汞的甲基化有一定的抑制,而厌氧消化后期,硫酸盐对汞甲基化影响并不明显,这与带电基团HgHS~-_2、 HgS_2~(2-)降低了中性汞络合物的生物有效性及铁硫化物、硫化汞等对S~(2-)和生物可利用态汞的固定作用有关.通过冗余分析,汞的甲基化受到多种环境因素的影响,丙酸、异丁酸和异戊酸等有机质和Fe可能促进汞甲基化,而蛋白质和较高的pH值可能是污泥厌氧消化过程中汞甲基化的抑制因子.     

基于SBR-ABR实现PN-SAD耦合工艺的运行与优化调控

采用序批式活性污泥反应器-厌氧折流板反应器(SBR-ABR)组合工艺,构建"部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反硝化"(PNSAD)反应链实现深度脱氮除碳.设定3种不同的运行工况,工况Ⅰ将SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1～1.32)直接接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化系统,发现虽然实现了厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定运行,但联合工艺总氮(TN)去除率低于80%,出水TN约20mg·L~(-1).为在ABR内增加反硝化功能,向ABR反应器第三隔室添加反硝化污泥,于工况Ⅱ将SBR出水接入,发现耦合反应对TN去除率仍偏低若实现深度脱氮需在厌氧氨氧化后段补充碳源.故在工况Ⅲ调控SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=5)与部分原水混合(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=1.4;C/N=2.5),接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化系统不仅实现了厌氧氨氧化段基质的良好配比,也为反硝化提供了良好的有机碳源,整个工艺出水COD为50左右,TN在6以下,TN去除率达到95%.在SBR-ABR反应器内构建PN-SAD联合反应为废水深度脱氮除碳提供了理论基础.