活性炭法测量室内空气中氡浓度的影响因素研究

探讨了各种因素对活性炭法测量室内空气中氡浓度的影响,并提出既能保证检测质量,又能符合工程检测需要、提高检测效率的检测条件范围。     

玄武湖沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

利用分级提取法分析了玄武湖的沉积磷形态,在玄武湖沉积物中,铝结合态磷的含量较低,平均值为64 mg/kg,其余形态磷中,铁结合态磷为241 mg/kg,有机磷为335 mg/kg,钙结合态磷为394 mg/kg.在环境变化的条件下,铁结合态磷可以释放到间隙水和上层水体中,是湖泊产生富营养化的重要因素;铝结合态磷由于含量少,对湖泊富营养化影响很小;钙结合态磷相对稳定且很难被生物利用,对湖泊富营养化影响不大;有机磷对水体有机负荷影响较大,并影响水体富营养化程度.     

An integrated assessment model for cross-country pipelines

The cross-country petroleum pipelines are environmentally sensitive because they traverse through varied terrain covering crop fields, forests, rivers, populated areas, desert, hills and offshore. Any malfunction of these pipelines may cause devastating effect on the environment. Hence, the pipeline operators plan and design pipelines projects with sufficient consideration of environment and social aspects along with the technological alternatives. Traditionally, in project appraisal, optimum technical alternative is selected using financial analysis. Impact assessments (IA) are then carried out to justify the selection and subsequent statutory approval. However, the IAs often suggest alternative sites and/or alternate technology and implementation methodology, resulting in revision of entire technical and financial analysis. This study addresses the above issues by developing an integrated framework for project feasibility analysis with the application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a multiple attribute decision-making technique. The model considers technical analysis (TA), socioeconomic IA (SEIA) and environmental IA (EIA) in an integrated framework to select the best project from a few alternative feasible projects. Subsequent financial analysis then justifies the selection. The entire methodology has been explained here through a case application on cross-country petroleum pipeline project in India.     

Distribution of Chlorinated Organic Pollutants in Harbor Sediments of Livorno (Italy): A Multivariate Approach to Evaluate Dredging Sediments

Dredging is a very important procedure for harbor management. InItaly the guidelines for the offshore dumping of dredged materials are issued by the Ministry of Environment. Theydescribed a few steps of dredging activities, such as thesampling strategy, but do not deal with limits or guide-valuesfor the chemical, physical and biological composition of theresulting sediments. The quality of dredged materials is mainlydependent on the presence of inorganic and organic pollutants.In particular, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organo-chlorinated pesticides are seen as a high priority inmarine environment by international organizations because oftheir persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation capacity.In this article the presence of some PCBs and organo-chlorinatedpesticides in sediment samples collected from the harbor ofLivorno (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea) was investigated. Theconcentration of HCHs, Aldrin, Chlordanes, DDEs, DDTs, and PCBsin 12 representative sites ranged between <1 g kg^–1and 95, 19, 32, 35, 107, and 111 g kg^–1, respectively.The application of univariate and multivariate statisticaltechniques, such as linear regression analysis and principalcomponent analysis, to the experimental data showed a differentdistribution of PCBs in the two sediment layers. On thecontrary, the vertical distribution of the other investigatedpollutants was more homogeneous and affected by randomvariability. The multivariate approach was an important tool to establish more rational criteria for the management of dredged materials.     

Climate impact on social systems: the risk assessment approach

A novel approach to the problem of estimating climate impact on social systems is suggested. This approach is based on a risk concept, where the notion of critical events is introduced and the probability of such events is estimated. The estimation considers both the inherent stochasticity of climatic processes and the artificial stochasticity of climate predictions due to scientific uncertainties. The method is worked out in some detail for the regional problem of crop production and the risks associated with global climate change, and illustrated by a case study (Kursk region of the FSU). In order to get local climatic characteristics (weather), a so-called statistical weather generator is used. One interesting finding is that the 3% risk level remains constant up to 1.0–1.1°C rise of mean seasonal temperature, if the variance does not change. On the other hand, the risk grows rapidly with increasing variance (even if the mean temperature rises very slowly). The risk approach is able to separate two problems: (i) assessment of global change impact, and (ii) decision making. The main task for the scientific community is to provide the politicians with different options; the choice of admissible (from the social point of view) critical events and the corresponding risk levels is the business of decision makers.     

用工业废水排放量预测地面水CODMn灰色方法研究

ＧＰＭ（１）灰色生长曲线常被用于等距时序环境系统的分析建模、非等距摆动空间序列方面的应用尚未报道。本文研究提出了将非等距摆动空间序列经过等距化处理的ＧＰＭ（１）线性回归优化建模方法采用该方法所建的非等距ＧＰＭ（１）模型用于工业废水量预测地面水ＣＯＤＭｎ的实例表明，该方法简捷，方便、精度高于回归分析，有较大实用价值。     

ICP——AES法在第二级观测As189.042nm分析线的干扰图

用ICP──AES法获得Ag、Al、Ba、Cr、Fe、Mg、Ni、Ph筹8个元素对As189．042×2nm分析线的干扰图，并测定了干扰程度。实验结果表明；浓度为As含量100倍的Ag、Ba、Fe、Mg、Ni、Ph对As分拆线几乎没有影响，而浓度为As含量100倍的Al和Cr对As分析线有一定的干扰．提出了校正和消除Al、Cr干扰的一些方法。     

工作场所空气中硫酸雾（SO3）的分析

采用碘量法测定工作场所空气中的三氧化硫及硫酸雾，三氧化硫及硫酸雾经中性水吸收后与碘化钾和碘酸钾反应，析出的碘与淀粉指示剂作用产生蓝色，进行比色测定。     

共振光散射技术在环境分析中的应用

共振光散射技术是一项在普通荧光分光光度计上进行测量的光散射技术,文章简要介绍了光散射现象,共振光散射的基本原理并作了定量基础讨论,对共振光散射技术在环境分析中的应用作了初步研究。     

流动注射法测定水中总碳酸盐

将流动注射应用于水中总碳酸盐的分析,并研究了各种实验条件对于结果的影响。实验证明,这种方法基本不存在干扰,在采样量为0.05ml时,检出限(3σ)为80mg/L;峰高的检测范围100~1000mg/L;峰宽的检测范围1000~5000mg/L,能够很好地应用于火力发电厂中生水、锅炉水的总碳酸盐测定。