表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用及应用初探

比较研究了阴、阳、非离子表面活性剂及阴 非、阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用 .SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0都能显著地增加苊在水中的溶解度 ,苊在SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0单体上的分配系数Kmn分别为 1 3 0× 1 0 3,0 92× 1 0 3,1 3 0× 1 0 3,在胶束相的分配系数Kmc分别为 5 6 4× 1 0 3,1 5 0× 1 0 4 ,5 5 7× 1 0 3.阴 非离子混合表面活性剂和一定条件下的阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊具有协同增溶作用 ,这是由于混合表面活性剂对苊的胶束分配系数Kmc增大所致 .比较了CTMA 单体态、胶束态、膨润土吸附态对苊分配作用的大小 ,以及苊在表面活性剂单体、胶束和土壤上有机质标化的分配系数Kom的大小 ,为表面活性剂在有机污染环境修复中的应用提供参考     

阴离子表面活性剂—季铵盐—磺酞类染料的显色反应及其应用

本文研究了阴离子表面活性剂(AS),季铵盐(QAS),磷酞类染料(SPD)显色反应的机理,发现QAS分别与AS和SPD形成离子缔合物,SPD与QAS的摩尔比和SPD的三级电离常数pK,(HL~-)有关,AS和QAS的缔合比为1:1.基于这一显色反应,建立了氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)-溴甲酚紫(BCP)光度法测定AS的方法.在60μgCPC存在下,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)分别在0—55μg·10ml~(-1)和0—50μg·10ml~(-1)范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为6.88×104~L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)和6.34×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1).用建立的方法测定了河水和生活废水中的AS,结果满意.     

Tween-80和H2O2对Burkholderia cepacia降解油脂的影响

油脂废水是一种重要的水污染源。研究了表面活性剂和H₂O₂对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)降解油脂的影响。结果表明：适量的表面活性剂和H₂O₂促进油脂的降解。表面活性剂可以增强油脂在水相中的溶解度，提高油脂在水中的乳化程度从而增加其生物可利用性。当Tween-80浓度600mg/L时，油脂降解率达到91%。低浓度H₂O₂不仅能刺激微生物生长，而且使培养液中的pH值保持相对稳定，提高了微生物对油脂的降解率。H₂O₂在浓度为400mg/L时，能使油脂降解率达到90%。     

复合表面活性剂对燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟润湿作用的研究

为了有效控制燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟的污染，根据理论和实验研究的结果，选择合适的润湿剂和助剂，研究了阴离子表面活性剂Y1、非离子表面活性剂F1与无机盐Z1复配后溶液表面张力的变化，筛选出了表面张力较小的配比。利用所选配比对燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟的润湿作用进行了Walker实验研究和理论分析。实验结果表明，0．5mmol／L Y1＋50mmol／L Z1＋0．03mmol／L F1的配比对黑烟的润湿作用较好。并对其润湿机理进行了探讨。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯 (PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展 ,重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯 ,好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理 ,以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建 ,提出了今后工作展望     

地表水中阴离子表面活性剂测定方法的优化研究

通过对国标方法的研究,结合分析实践,针对地表水样品的特点,提出了优化分析方法。实验证明,该方法简化了操作步骤,提高了分析效率,准确度、精密度和最低检出浓度均满足质控要求。     

废水中阴离子表面活性剂测定的一种新方法

报道了测定废水中阴离子表面活性剂的一种新方法,即利用微相吸附-光谱修正(MSASC)原理研究十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与碱紫(DLV)的结合反应,定量分析废水样品中的阴离子表面活性剂(AS)。试验结果表明DLV与SDBS之间的作用符合Lang-muir单分子层吸附。利用该方法分别对受污染河水、生活污水、合成废水样品进行阴离子表面活性剂的测定,加标回收率达到97.5%,相对标准偏差<5.2%,且多种阴离子、阳离子、氨基酸和葡萄糖不影响该方法的测定结果。     

三价铁盐对染料水的脱色研究及机理探讨

三价铁盐在pH5～6的范围内,能有效地支队水溶性活性、酸性染料等阴离子染料。脱色机理是由于形成的氢氧化铁对染料的吸附所致,吸附过程能很好地吻合Langmuir吸附等温线。     

Synthesis of nanoiron by microemulsion with Span/Tween as mixed surfactants for reduction of nitrate in water

Denitrification of nitrate in groundwater using iron nanoparticles has received increasing interest in recent years. In order to fabricate iron nanoparticles with homogeneously spherical shape and narrow size distribution, a simple and “green” method was developed to synthesize iron nanoparticles. The conventional microemulsion methods were modified by applying Span 80 and Tween 60 as mixed surfactants. The maximum content of water in the Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and its appropriate forming conditions were found, and then the microemulsion system consisting of saturated Fe²⁺ solution was used to synthesize α-Fe ultrafine particles by redox reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the average diameter of the particle is about 80–90 nm. The chemical activity of the obtained iron nanoparticles was studied by the denitrification experiment of nitrate. The results show that under the experimental conditions, iron removed most of the 80 mg/L nitrate within 30 min. The mass balance of nitrate reduction with nanoscale Fe indicates that endproducts are mainly ammonia. Two possible reaction pathways for nitrate reduction by nanoscale iron particles have been proposed in this work. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27(4): 672–675 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]     

Potential and Limitations of Microbial Reductive Dechlorination for Bioremediation Applications

Current knowledge and recent advances in the area of microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds are summarized. Factors which may limit the efficacy of the dechlorination process for the in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and sediment systems are identified. Results of recent studies on the anaerobic biotransformation of soil-sorbed chlorinated ethenes and sediment-sorbed chlorinated benzenes are provided to illustrate how low contaminant bioavailability may control the rate and extent of dechlorination in subsurface systems, especially those with long-term contamination. Use of nonionic, polysorbate surfactants as the sole electron donors of a mixed, methanogenic culture supported the microbial sequential reductive dechlorination of either free or sediment-bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to primarily 1,3-dichlorobenzene, but did not enhance the bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB as compared to microcosms, which used glucose. Because current knowledge on the interactions of dechlorinating populations with other microbial populations in the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, Fe³⁺ , Mn⁴⁺) is limited, such interactions and their effect on the dechlorination process in subsurface systems need to be further explored to improve our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process in complex environmental systems and lead to the development of more efficient in situ bioremediation technologies and strategies.