污泥林地处理氮素负荷的研究

通过污泥要地小区试验及示范工程，以树木生长所需的营养元素“氮素”为设计参数，计算污泥负荷量。探讨污泥作为商品肥料补充的可行性方案。既为污泥找到了最佳出路，达到了处理污泥的目的，又可以废物利用，并同时做到保护环境不造成二次污染，为污泥的处理提供了有利的技术保障。     

Estimation of riverine loads of nitrogen and phosphorus to the Baltic Sea, 1970–1993

This article presents the results of the first critical examination of time series of riverine nutrient-load data for the entire Baltic Sea drainage area. Water quality data collected by or for the different national environmental agencies were compiled and analysed statistically to identify and remove inconsistent or obviously incorrect observations. Moreover, sampling tours were undertaken to acquire additional information about the present nutrient concentrations in the largest rivers in the study area. Gaps in the time series of approved data were then filled in by employing statistical interpolation and extrapolation methods. Thereafter, the concentration and runoff data were combined to obtain estimates of monthly nutrient loads for the time period 1970–93. The results of the calculations showed that although there had been substantial changes in land use, atmospheric deposition and wastewater treatment in many parts of the study area, the total riverine loads of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the Baltic Sea have been fairly constant since 1980, and most likely also since 1970. Moreover, the interannual variation was clearly correlated to the runoff. The mean annual loads for the time period 1980–93 were found to be about 825 000 tonnes N and 41 000 tonnes P, respectively. This implies that (i) several other investigators have strongly underestimated the riverine loads of nutrients, especially the nitrogen, and that (ii) the riverine loads by far exceed the input to the Baltic Sea from other sources, {i.e.} atmospheric deposition, direct emissions from cities and industries along the Baltic Sea coast and nitrogen fixation by marine algae.     

CABR处理分散式生活污水抗短期有机负荷潜能

为考察填料式厌氧折流板反应器（CABR）处理分散式生活污水抗短期有机负荷冲击的稳定性,从宏观运行性能、中间产物累积以及微观微生物活性3个层次来研究不同温度下短期有机负荷冲击对CABR运行性能影响。结果表明：宏观运行性能指标TCOD沿程变化曲线在28℃时受到有机负荷冲击仍呈现＂L＂型,容积负荷去除率也由基准条件下0.27kg/（m3.d）提高至0.73 kg/（m3.d）,但随温度的下降,沿程曲线逐渐接近＂／＂型,容积负荷去除率的增加幅度也逐渐变小。中间产物积累指标中VFA/碱度比值小于0.11～0.14时,TCOD去除率可达80%以上;SMP/SCOD比值沿水流方向呈上升趋势表明CABR抗负荷冲击性能较佳。而微观微生物酶活性受基质浓度提高的促进效应和温度下降的抑制效应相互作用表现各异。总体而言,在高温（28℃）条件下,分散式生活污水的有机负荷冲击不会对CABR出水造成显著影响,但在中温（18℃）和低温（10℃）条件下,CABR抗有机负荷冲击的稳定性随温度的下降而下降。     

负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg^0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验，首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide，PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber，ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂，对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg^0）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后，对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg^0的脱除性能。结果表明，在汞蒸气人口浓度为50μg／m^3，纯N2气氛下，当温度为25℃时，两者脱除率均能达到99％，当温度为200℃，负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30％左右，PPS纤维仅为10％左右。在200℃情况下，模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2时，2种纤维的Hg^0脱除率提高了10％～20％，当在混合气体中添加0．01％。后，负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到80％，活性炭纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到98％。当温度为200℃，模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2＋HCl时，不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg^0脱除率在69％～95％范围之间变化，其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg^0脱除效率最高达到95％，因此，负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg^0脱除率。     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: Exceedance of Critical Loads for Lakes in Finland,Norway, and Sweden: Reduction Requirements for Acidifying Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition

/ The main objectives of this study were to identify the regions inFennoscandia where the critical loads of sulfur (S) and acidifying nitrogen(N) for lakes are exceeded and to investigate the consequences for depositionreductions, with special emphasis on the possible trade-offs between S and Ndeposition in order to achieve nonexceedance. In the steady-state model forcalculating critical loads and their exceedances, all relevant processesacting assinks for N and S are considered. The critical loads of N and S areinterrelated (defining the so-called critical load function), and therefore asingle critical load for one pollutant cannot be defined without makingassumptions about the other. Comparing the present N and S deposition withthe critical load function for each lake allows determination of thepercentage of lakes in the different regions of Fennoscandia where: (1) Sreductions alone can achieve nonexceedance, (2) N reductions alone aresufficient, and (3) both N and S reductions are required but to a certaindegree interchangeable. Secondly, deposition reduction requirements wereassessed by fixing the N deposition to the present level, in this wayanalyzing the reductions required for S, and by computing the percentage oflakes exceeded in Finland, Norway and Sweden for every possible percentdeposition reduction in S and N, in this way showing the (relative)effectiveness of reducing S and/or N deposition. The results showed clearregional patterns in the S and N reduction requirements. In practically thewhole of Finland and the northern parts of Scandinavia man-made acidificationof surface waters could be avoided by reducing S deposition alone. In thesouthern parts of Sweden some reductions in N deposition are clearly neededin addition to those for S. In southern Norway strong reductions are requiredfor both N and S deposition.KEY WORDS: Acidification; Critical load; Exceedance; Sulfur; Nitrogen;Deposition; Lake     

厌氧附着膜膨胀床反应器预处理有机氯农药废水的研究

针对有机氯农药废水可生化性差的特点,研究了采用厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器对其预处理以提高可生化性的效果.未经处理的有机氯农药废水及经混凝、Fenton氧化处理后的有机氯农药废水分别进入厌氧反应器,在进水pH为6.8～7.2,水力停留时间为48 h,有机物容积负荷为1.41～3.19 kg COD/m3.d时,3种废水的出水B/C值分别为0.35、0.41和0.42;出水COD分别为1280、1050和659 mg/L;出水色度分别为50倍(灰白)、20倍(灰白)和20倍(灰白).从运行稳定、经济的角度,选择混凝-厌氧组合作为该农药废水的预处理工艺.研究提出采用单位表面面积生物膜底物降解速率LW作为厌氧膨胀床反应器的设计指标,并根据试验数据得出厌氧膨胀床颗粒活性炭反应器的动力学模型,为工程设计及运行管理提供依据.     

昆明市食物生产消费碳素动态变化

食物生产消费系统中碳素的梯级流动变化会产生一系列环境影响.基于1990—2013年昆明市食物生产消费变化,测算分析了农业生产的碳汇碳排量、城乡居民食物碳消费动态变化及食物碳消费带来的环境负荷变化.结果表明,食物生产系统中碳汇和碳排总量分别由1990年的705.44 Gg·a~(-1)和496.92 Gg·a~(-1)增长至2013年的1195.53 Gg·a~(-1)和1012.33 Gg·a~(-1),净碳汇水平为正值,但呈下降趋势;城镇居民人均食物碳消费量由61.42 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1)减少至44.65 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1),农村居民人均食物碳消费量由87.96 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1)降至48.78 kg·人~(-1)·a~(-1),食物碳消费总量由336.00 Gg·a~(-1)波动下降到294.53 Gg·a~(-1).畜禽养殖粪便排放和肠道发酵是食物生产过程中的主要碳源,占到60%以上,其次是农用物资投入所产生的碳排放,约占30%,并呈增加态势,其中,化肥是农用物资碳排放的主要影响因素.食物消费造成的碳素环境负荷中,损失进入大气的碳素比例最高,占到80%,其次是土壤,最少的是水体.进入大气的碳素由1990年的270.63 Gg·a~(-1)波动下降至2013年的170.68 Gg·a~(-1),减少了36.93%,但进入土壤和水体的碳素明显增长,其中,厨余垃圾碳量由35.42 Gg·a~(-1)增加至129.84 Gg·a~(-1),增加了266.57%.昆明市作为低碳城市试点,需要采取针对性措施发展低碳农业及低碳消费.     

上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析

面源是城市水体的主要污染来源之一,其负荷强度及时空分布特征对于城市水环境污染防治具有重要意义.以上海市淀北片为研究区域,选择漕河泾为代表性汇水单元,按照屋面、路面、绿地3种下垫面,于2015年期间进行大、中、小3种雨型的径流-水质同步监测,分析降雨径流特性和面源污染负荷强度,并结合GIS估算区域面源污染负荷的空间分布.结果表明:淀北片CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N年径流污染负荷强度均值分别为385.40、4.07、57.22、11.22 kg·hm-2·a-1,总体强度较大;屋面和路面径流污染负荷均具有一定程度的初期冲刷效应,对初期55%径流采取截流措施可有效控制60%~70%的面源污染负荷;根据受纳水体河道的空间拓扑,对研究区域进行汇水单元划分,并考虑雨型对污染物EMC(事件平均浓度)的影响,可更精确地估算城市面源污染负荷及其对城市河道的影响,为城市河道水环境治理提供污染负荷来源信息,从而对河道及城市面源污染进行高效而有针对性的治理.     

北京密怀顺地区地下水污染风险评价方法探究

地下水污染风险评价通常由地下水污染荷载评价与固有脆弱性评价叠加得到,但叠加方法众多,且缺乏各个方法之间的对比验证.本研究选取北京密怀顺地区作为示例,利用GIS平台进行构图表征,对比了相加法、矩阵法和计算法3种地下水污染风险的叠加方法,并利用硝酸盐浓度等级与地下水污染风险评价等级的差值和Spearman等级相关因子两种指标,对以上3种叠加方法所获得的地下水污染风险评价结果进行验证,旨在探究最优的地下水污染风险方法.结果表明,从硝酸盐浓度等级与地下水污染风险评价等级差值为0的区域占比来看,矩阵法(51.12%)相加法(32.29%)计算法(21.71%);从Spearman等级相关因子来看,矩阵法(ρ=93.19%)计算法(ρ=90.33%)相加法(ρ=89.23%).故研究区内地下水污染风险评价采用矩阵法得到的结果更准确、更可行,其评价结果比较真实地反映了北京密怀顺水源地污染风险状况,对城市规划建设和地下水资源的可持续利用具有指导意义.     

噪声与静压载荷同时作用下飞机壁板试验研究

目的 模拟飞机结构承受静压载荷与噪声载荷时的真实情况,为飞机设计初期阶段设计选型提供试验数据支持。方法 使用压缩空气进行静压加载,模拟噪声与正压、噪声与负压联合加载,并以静压载荷0.06 MPa、噪声载荷151 dB为例,进行了试验验证。结果 在噪声与静压载荷同时作用下,若静压载荷过大,结构会发生塑性变形。结论 提出的飞机选型阶段噪声与静压载荷联合加载的试验方法,实现了噪声与静压(正压与负压)联合加载,并通过飞机壁板声静联合试验,验证了飞机壁板结构的噪声与静压联合试验方法。