Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process

The electrochemical reduction characteristics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry in this study. In addition, the difference in reduction mechanisms of CT between Master Builders' iron and the catalyzed Fe-Cu process was discussed. The results showed that CT was reduced directly on the surface of copper rather than by atomic hydrogen produced at the cathode in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The reduction was realized largely by atomic hydrogen in Master Builders' iron. The entire CT in 350 ml aqueous solution with 320 mgL was reduced to trichloromethane and dichloromethane in 2.25 h when 100 g of scrap iron with FeCu ratio of 10:1 (ww) were used. Moreover, the reduction rate slowed with time. CT could be reduced at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH from solution by Fe-Cu bimetallic media, but the mechanisms were di?erent. The degradation rate was not significantly in?uenced by pH in the catalyzed Fe-Cu process; in Master Builders' iron it clearly increased with decreasing pH. The kinetics of the reductions followed pseudo-first order in both cases. Furthermore, the reductions under acidic conditions proceeded faster than that under the neutral and alkaline conditions. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process was superior to Master Builders' iron in treating CT-containing water and this advantage was particularly noticeable under alkaline conditions. The reduction was investigated in the cathode (Cu) and anode (Fe) compartments respectively, the results showed that the direct reduction pathway played an important role in the reduction by the catalyzed Fe-Cu process. The catalyzed Fe-Cu process is of practical value.     

河南省典型炭素企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是主要的臭氧前体物之一,控制VOCs排放是打赢“蓝天保卫战”的重要组成部分.研究工业源VOCs排放特征和对O₃生成贡献对制定和修订相关VOCs排放标准、有针对性控制VOCs排放具有重要意义.炭素行业是非金属制品业的重要组成部分,属于高污染行业,对该行业有组织VOCs排放的研究鲜见文献报道.本文选取河南省某典型炭素企业Y炭素厂作为研究对象,通过实地采样分析了不同工序有组织和车间内、外无组织117种VOCs排放特征,计算臭氧生成潜势（OFP）并评估了不同VOCs类别和物种对O₃生成的贡献.研究表明,Y炭素厂排放因子为0.031 g·kg^-1,其中焙烧工序有组织VOCs排放量最大.总有组织排放占比较大的VOCs类别有烯烃（23.56%）、烷烃（21.24%）、芳香烃（18.17%）、卤代烃（15.34%）和含氧化合物（8.95%）等,占比较大的VOCs物种有乙烯（18.2%）、乙烷（11.5%）、苯（8.66%）和 乙炔（7.15%）等.车间内无组织排放占比较大的VOCs物种则为萘和四氯化碳等.总有组织排放的VOCs中,烯烃、芳香烃和含氧化合物的OFP占比较大,分别为71.72%、11.35%、10.05%,其中乙烯、丙烯的OFP占比分别为52.91%和13.98%,是需要重点治理的O₃生成前体物.     

直接电解法处理染料废水的研究

实验以Ti为基体 ,分别采用热分解法和阳极电沉积法制备了SnO2 和PbO2 电极。用XRD、SEM、XPS和稳态极化、循环伏安法分别对上述电极进行结构特性表征和电化学特性检测。实验结果表明 ,在相同工作条件下 ,SnO2 电极的析氧电势比PbO2 电极高 30 0～ 5 0 0mV ,且其作为阳极降解的直接染料 (直接橙S和直接耐晒黑G)模拟废水COD值下降速度快。在模拟染料废水处理体系中 ,提高反应温度有利于染料的降解。SnO2 电极阳极氧化染料溶液过程中 ,能定性检测到降解产物———CO2 。     

抛石环境中铝合金阳极性能评价及其对海底隧道钢壳保护效果评估

目的 解决埋覆介质中牺牲阳极电化学性能评价的不确定性,实现非匀质介质中牺牲阳极电容量测试结果的评价和对比.方法 模拟沉管隧道埋覆的环境介质,对铝合金牺牲阳极的电容量和溶解形貌进行评测.为区别于现有的海水等匀质介质中阳极的检测方法,建立非匀质介质中铝阳极电化学性能评价方法.另外,在上述埋覆介质中,测定阳极和阴极的极化曲线,修正仿真计算的边界条件,有利于模拟这种高电阻率介质环境下阴极保护电位分布.结果 测试箱所测电阻率与商用便携式电导率仪测定精度相当.A1阳极在低电阻率的海水中(25～40?·cm)性能稳定,电容量稳定在2500 A·h/kg,溶解性能良好;在40?·cm海淡水+回填石的混合介质中,电容量测试值数据波动大,重现性差.B1阳极在海水(25～40?·cm)中的电容量和A1阳极相当,未见到差异,在40?·cm海淡水+回填石混合介质中,电容量数值分散性小,电化学活性高.结论 混合介质中的评价试验体现了海淡水、混合介质电阻率和回填石对阳极溶解产物阻滞的综合效应,提高了抛石环境中铝阳极寿命评估的准确性,尤其适用于沉管隧道钢壳用铝合金阳极电化学性能评价和牺牲阳极保护效果评估.     

微生物燃料电池对苯酚的降解及其产电性能

构建了单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究了苯酚含量对以苯酚和葡萄糖为底物的MFC产电性能及苯酚去除率的影响。实验结果表明:当CODB(苯酚贡献的COD)为0时,MFC的运行周期为36 h,最大输出电压为560 m V,最大功率密度为489 m W/m2;CODB为1 000 mg/L时,MFC的运行周期为54 h,最大输出电压为436 m V,最大功率密度为98 m W/m2;当CODB为200 mg/L时,MFC的COD去除率、苯酚去除率和库伦效率(CE)均达到最大,分别为89.7%、99.9%和7.2%,同时,MFC的阳极生物膜产生的氧化峰电流最高,表明在葡萄糖-苯酚双底物对微生物的协同作用下,MFC的阳极生物膜氧化性最强;随着CODB的增大,COD去除率、苯酚去除率和CE均逐渐减小,说明苯酚的抑制作用导致微生物活性降低。     

铝基牺牲阳极材料污损失效概述

结合国内外以往海洋生物污损和铝基牺牲阳极服役情况的调查,综述了铝基牺牲阳极材料污损失效的研究进展,介绍并分析了污损生物导致铝基牺牲阳极失效的原因.针对污损失效现象尚无有效防护技术的现状,结合以往的海洋生物污损控制方法,探讨了牺牲阳极污损失效的防护技术,为牺牲阳极污损失效的研究及控制提供参考.     

石墨极板电氧化法处理靛蓝染料废水初步研究

采用惰性材料石墨为阳极的电氧化法处理靛蓝染料废水。研究了进水浓度、不同电解质的作用对处理效果的影响，获得了COD去除率大于90％、色度去除率大于95％的处理效果。     

新型光电催化反应器的设计及其反应动力学

研制了一种新型的光电催化反应器,并对PEG-2000模拟废水进行了降解动力学研究。结果表明,电解、光催化、光电催化去除0.5 g/L的PEG-2000模拟废水中COD为零级反应,从动力学角度来看,光电协同作用明显;在不同的外加偏压、初始pH值、曝气量和光强条件下,反应符合零级动力学规律;不同初始浓度PEG-2000模拟废水的光电催化反应具有不同的反应级数,高浓度时,此光电催化体系符合零级反应动力学规律,低浓度时,光电催化氧化符合一级反应动力学规律。     

光电芬顿氧化法深度处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用光电芬顿氧化法对北京市某垃圾填埋场已经生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行深度处理，分别考察了电流强度和铁的不同价态等因素对渗滤液总有机碳（TOC）、化学需氧量（COD）以及色度去除效果的影响，并对阳极氧化、电芬顿和光电芬顿不同反应过程进行了对比。通过分析渗滤液UV-Vis光谱(200～500 nm)变化和渗滤液中有机污染物的分子量变化，发现光电芬顿反应可以明显改善渗滤液生化性。深入研究了反应过程中铁价态的变化规律。试验结果发现，以高比表面积的活性炭纤维(ACF)为阴极的光电芬顿反应可以有效降解垃圾渗滤液，在pH为3，Fe²⁺ 浓度为1 mmol/L，电流为0.5 A，O₂通入量为250 mL/min条件下降解360 min，垃圾渗滤液TOC和COD去除率分别达到78.9%和62.8%，色度完全去除。     

High-performance Si-Containing anode materials in lithium-ion batteries:A superstructure of Si@Co–NC composite works effectively

To mitigate the massive volume expansion of Si-based anode during the charge/discharge cycles, we synthesized a superstructure of Si@Co–NC composite via the carbonization of zeolite imidazolate frameworks incorporated with Si nanoparticles. The Si@Co–NC is comprised of Si-nanoparticle core and N-doped/Co-incorporated carbon shell, and there is void space between the core and the shell. When using as anode material for LIBs, Si@Co–NC displayed a super performance with a charge/discharge capacity of 191.6/191.4 mA h g-1 and a coulombic efficiency of 100.1％ at 1000 mA g-1 after 3000 cycles, and the capacity loss rate is 0.022％ per cycle only. The excellent electrochemical property of Si@Co–NC is because its electronic conductivity is enhanced by doping the carbon shell with N atoms and by incorporating with Co particles, and the pathway of lithium ions transmission is shortened by the hollow structure and abundant mesopores in the carbon shell. Also, the volume expansion of Si nanoparticles is well accommodated in the void space and suppressed by the carbon host matrix. This work shows that, through designing a superstructure for the anode materials, we can synergistically reduce the work function and introduce the confinement effect, thus significantly enhancing the anode materials' electrochemical performance in LIBs.