南通台核旋观测干扰的排除

针对南通地震台核旋观测的干扰 ,通过多种试验最终加以排除。这项工作表明 ,地震台站环境改造中要注意监测环境的保护 ,特别是铠装电缆的铺设要考虑到对磁、电观测的影响 ,并就如何进一步提高核旋的观测质量提出建议。     

Forest Monitoring in Urbanized Areas

Long-term stationary investigations in permanent plots have been performed in forests of different types growing in Greater Moscow. Their results have made it possible to reveal the trends essential to the dynamics of these forests and make a prognosis of their condition in the near future. Moreover, they suggest that it is necessary to review some long-standing concepts concerning the processes of forest formation, relationships between the main forest species, etc.     

Comparison between background concentrations of arsenic in urban and non-urban areas of Florida

Arsenic contamination is of great environmental concern due to its toxic effects as a carcinogen. Knowledge of arsenic background concentrations is important for land application of wastes and for making remediation decisions. The soil clean-up target level for arsenic in Florida (0.8 and 3.7 mg kg⁻¹ for residential and commercial areas, respectively) lies within the range of both background and analytical quantification limits. The objective of this study was to compare arsenic distribution in urban and non-urban areas of Florida. Approximately 440 urban and 448 non-urban Florida soil samples were compared. For urban areas, soil samples were collected from three land-use classes (residential, commercial and public land) in two cities, Gainesville and Miami. For the non-urban areas, samples were collected from relatively undisturbed non-inhabited areas. Arsenic concentrations varied greatly in Gainesville, ranging from 0.21 to approximately 660 mg kg⁻¹ with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.40 mg kg⁻¹, which were lower than Miami samples (ranging from 0.32 to 112 mg kg⁻¹; GM=2.81 mg kg⁻¹). Arsenic background concentrations in urban soils were significantly greater and showed greater variation than those from relatively undisturbed non-urban soils (GM=0.27 mg kg⁻¹) in general.     

Natural bitumens versus oil pollution in the Vlasina lake peat

Free and associated bitumens were isolated by sequential extraction from Vlasina lake peat (SE Serbia) and were investigated in order to differentiate between oil pollution and natural bitumens. Four peat samples were collected at different depths, on a peat island. Gas chromatographic (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of three markedly different bitumen fractions. Here we show that the free bitumens are representing the native peat bitumens. The two associated bitumens are mainly the products of bacterial rework of organic substance, which were then trapped by two differing mechanisms. The bitumens characteristics and association features exclude a contribution of oil pollution.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organised by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析

在环境地球化学研究中,自然异常与人为异常往往同时存在,因此要判断环境污染状况,从自然异常中分离人为异常是十分重要的。文章根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子来判别表层土壤中重金属的人为污染情况,攀枝花工矿区的实例研究表明,应用富集因子可有效区分工矿区重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响。     

人为热对广州高温天气影响的数值模拟个例分析

基于广州市2009,2000和1990年工业、交通、生活能源统计数据,通过能源清单法估算出广州市对应年份的人为热排放量,再通过在WRF模式中引入2009,2000和1990年的下垫面数据和人为热排放方案,对2005,2012和2017年广州市的3次持续高温过程进行模拟,从而评估不同年代人为热排放水平对广州市极端高温天气的影响.结果表明,模拟的2m气温较为准确,能合理模拟出城市地区的热岛效应,但对极端高温的模拟略有偏低,而引入人为热有助于改善模拟结果.在case2012中,2009,2000和1990年3种人为热排放水平使广州城市下垫面的平均气温分别上升0.53,0.44和0.13℃,热岛强度增强0.43,0.38和0.13℃.3个模拟个例的结果均表明,日间的人为热排放比夜间大,但夜间气温及热岛强度的变化比日间要明显.     

湖北省2008~2017年人类活动净氮输入状况

为探究湖北省人类净氮输入状况,本文基于湖北省14个地级市（省直辖县）行政单元统计数据,利用人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型,核算湖北省2008~2017年的人类活动净氮输入量.结果表明,湖北省10a平均NANI值为15929.43kg/（km²·a）.湖北总NANI值随时间呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,其中2013年达到16959.93kg/（km²·a）.在空间分布上,湖北省中东部地区（襄阳、荆门、荆州、随州、孝感、武汉、鄂州、黄冈、省直辖县）的NANI值显著高于西部地区（十堰、宜昌、恩施自治州）;氮源结构上,氮肥输入（年均贡献比例60.58%）是最大输入项,其次分别为食品/饲料净氮输入（24.85%）、生物固氮（8.16%）、大气氮沉降（6.25%）和种子氮输入（0.18%）.因此,减少化肥投入,提高农业产出投入比,同时合理控制人口密度,是减少区域内净氮负荷量,降低氮素污染的有效措施.     

青藏高原中晚全新世人类活动的孢粉记录

利用孢粉记录追踪过去人类活动历史及其环境效应的研究较少。本文选取青藏高原28处地层化石孢粉序列,采用直接提取和集成方法获得568条具有年代的伴人孢粉（禾本科、石竹科、杨属、十字花科、委陵菜属、车前属、紫菀属、藜科、狼毒属）数据,经标准化处理后建立高原4个分区的人类活动指数。同时结合本区已有研究资料,探讨了中晚全新世以来的人类活动历史。研究表明：（1）Ⅰ区东北区,6.0~5.3 ka B.P.早期人类已开始活动,但低水平的生产方式对植被影响较弱;5.3~4.5 ka B.P.人类活动得到扩展,环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.人类活动强度明显增强,加剧了对植被的破坏;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.随着人类活动的进一步加强,导致过度放牧、森林面积减少及风沙活动增强。（2）Ⅱ区东南区,5.0 ka B.P.左右人类活动的环境效应开始显现;4.5~3.5 ka B.P.植被受人为干扰显著;3.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动扩张至高海拔地区,对植被影响范围随之扩大;（3）Ⅲ区西南区,5.7~4.5 ka B.P.农业生产活动开始且得到发展,环境效应逐渐凸出;4.5~2.0 ka B.P.人类活动进一步增强,对植被影响亦进一步加剧;（4）Ⅳ区西北无人区,受资料所限并未充分讨论,但已有研究表明,全新世早中期本区已有人类进行狩猎采集活动。     

人类活动对河流沉积物中反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征的影响

河流生态系统是陆地生态系统输出营养盐和有机质的主要接收器,是水-气界面CO2和CH4全球碳循环的重要环节.人类活动导致大量未经处理的硝酸盐和有机物质汇入河流,影响了N-DAMO(N-DAMO,Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌)细菌的群落特征.本文选取北运河作为研究区域,通过对比分析北运河中游和下游沉积物理化参数和N-DAMO细菌群落特征的差异性,探究由于人类活动的影响,河流沉积物中N-DAMO细菌的群落组成结构特征,及其与沉积物中NH+4-N、NO-3-N的响应关系.结果表明,北运河沉积物中NH+4-N为中游和下游氮素的主要形态,且下游NH+4-N浓度显著高于中游;人类活动对N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因群落分布有影响,16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因均分别聚为中游和下游两类;系统发育树分析显示,人类活动影响北运河N-DAMO细菌高同源性菌群的来源,其高同源性菌群来源与北运河主要污染物氨氮的来源一致;RDA分析显示,人类活动影响N-DAMO细菌相关环境因子,沉积物中高浓度的NH+4-N、NO-3-N与16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因有显著的响应关系.沉积物N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因的共生关系分析显示,北运河下游沉积物中N-DAMO细菌彼此之间的共存关系更强,细菌群落形成的模块化程度较高,其对环境变化的敏感程度更高,受人类活动的影响更大.     

嘉兴市2015年人为源VOCs排放清单

根据收集的嘉兴市人为源活动水平数据,采用科学合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2015年人为源挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放清单.结果表明,嘉兴市2015年VOCs排放总量为10.21×10⁴ t,其中工业源、移动源、生活源、储运源、废弃物处理源、农业源的排放量分别占排放总量的78.15%、12.08%、5.83%、3.24%、0.26%和0.44%.工业源中包装印刷、表面喷涂、纺织印染、化学原料制造、石化是重点排放行业.海宁市、桐乡市和平湖市VOCs排放量位居前三,约占嘉兴市总排放量的50%,经开区、海宁市、南湖区VOCs平均排放强度均超过30 t·km^-2.