湖北省1954/2008年历史罕见持续低温冰雪过程对比分析

1954年12月26日-1955年1月18日湖北省遭遇了120年一遇的历史罕见持续低温冰雪灾害。2008年1月13日-2月3日,湖北省再次出现了一次持续低温冰雪过程,严重程度仅次于1954年,为70年一遇。利用常规天气图和数值预报产品资料,应用天气学和波谱分析方法,对比分析了两次过程的环流形势特征及能谱特征。结果表明:两次过程具有基本一致的长波系统背景场、水汽条件、地面冷空气条件;在低温冰雪过程中,850～700hPa存在明显逆温层;中高纬度、中低纬度能量谱强度、输送和转换有明显的变化,并且与天气系统的变化相对应。但是,两次天气过程的表现形式有明显差异,而且前者的主要影响系统,如阻塞高压、低涡、副高和地面冷高压等的强度均明显比后者强。     

Impact of a small city on the structure of small mammal fauna in forests of the northeastern Moscow region

Forests in and around the reserve located near the city of Chernogolovka (50 km northeast of Moscow), forests adjoining the city, and urban forests were examined during the period from 1992 to 2004. Differences between forests of the reserve proved to be less significant than those resulting from the impact of urban factors. The influence of a small city was found to change the structure of communities of small mammals in surrounding forests by reducing their diversity and enhancing the dominance of ecologically restrained synanthropic species.     

Prospects for Conserving and Restoring the Properties and Ecological Functions of Arable Soils

Changes in the properties and ecological functions of soils under the effect of farming are considered. Evidence is provided that optimization of the structure of land inventory with regard to environmental conditions in a concrete region is a promising approach to the conservation and restoration of disturbed and degraded soils. A classification of soils with respect to their arability is proposed as a theoretical basis for reorganizing agricultural land use.     

Ethological Structure of Freshwater Benthic and Nektobenthic Communities and Its Changes under the Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors

Classification of the mode of life and behavior of zoobenthic, nektobenthic, and neustonic organisms was used as a basis for elucidating the formation of ethological structure of their communities in small lakes and streams of northeastern Fennoscandia. It is shown that the general response of these communities to anthropogenic impact is manifested in the reduction of the number of ethological groups. The specific response to eutrophication and heat pollution involves a decrease in the relative biomass of clingers and burrowers and an increase in the biomass of sprawling–walking and wormy animals; the response to toxic pollution and acidification is manifested in the prevalence of sprawlers–walkers.     

Cytogenetic Damage of Human Somatic Cells and Weeping Birch Cells in Voronezh Districts with Different Levels of Anthropogenic Pollution

Cytogenetic parameters (the mitotic rate and the frequency of pathological mitoses) of the seed offspring of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium of children living in several raions (districts) of the city of Voronezh differing in environmental conditions were studied. Judging from these parameters, the environmental situation was the worst in the Sovetskii raion. A correlation was found between the frequency of pathological mitoses in the roots of birch seedlings and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelial cells of children. This indicates that the cytogenetic monitoring data obtained in plants may be extrapolated to man.     

浙东海积平原农田土壤重金属来源辨识

为了区别土壤中潜在有毒重金属是来源于成土母质还是人为的污染,在浙东海积平原农田选择了32个采样点,分别采集了耕作层(0～10cm)和心土层(40～50cm)土样,用标准化学分析方法分别测定了Cd、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Hg、Pb、Mo、As和Al含量.用元素剖面分布研究法、元素化学形态分析法和主成分分析法等综合方法探讨了农田土壤中重金属的来源.结果表明,研究区土壤中Cr、Co、Ni为非污染元素,主要来源于成土母质,平均含量在耕作层与心土层中较为接近,残留态是这些重金属绝对优势的化学形态.Cd、Cu、zn、Hg和Pb为主要污染元素,其耕作层舍量明显高于心土层,可提取形态的比例较高;其中,Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb有相似的人为污染来源,而Hg有不同的人为污染来源.土壤中的Mo和As的变化较为复杂,可能受成土母质和外源污染双重影响.     

德兴地区土壤重金属人为污染的地球化学评价

在系统采集德兴地区表层土壤样品的基础上,采用标准化方法确定了该区Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的地球化学基线值,并采用富集因子对表层土壤的人为污染进行了地球化学评价.结果表明:1)土壤中7种重金属元素的基线值较江西省土壤背景值高;2)土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn的人为污染以轻微污染为主,Cu的人为污染为轻微污染和中度污染,人为污染的区域主要分布在德兴铜矿及其周边地区;3)土壤重金属污染源判别表明,Pb、Zn、Cd具有相似的来源,其污染与铅锌矿的采矿及冶炼活动有关,Cu的来源与德兴铜矿的采矿活动有关,其他重金属来源差异较大.     

北京地区2003～2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究

人类活动引起的生态系统的氮输入和累积对区域环境特别是水环境有着潜在的重要影响.引入人类活动净氮累积的概念(net anthropogenic nitrogen accumulation,NANA),将NANA定义为人类活动氮的输入和输出之差,它是通过大气沉降、肥料应用、人类食物和动物饲料、氮固定和河流的累积这五项来计算...     

Millennial mercury records derived from ornithogenic sediment on Dongdao Island, South China Sea

Two ornithogenic sediment cores, which have a time span of 1000 years and are influenced by red-footed booby (Sula sula), were collected from Dongdao Islands, South China Sea. The determined mercury concentrations of the two cores show similar and substantial fluctuations during the past millennium, and the fluctuations are most likely caused by the changes in mercury level of the ocean environment and in anthropogenic Hg emission. For the past 500 years, the mercury concentration in the red-footed booby excrement has a striking association with global anthropogenic mercury emission. The mercury concentration increased rapidly after AD 1600 in corresponding to beginning of the unparalleled gold and silver mining in South Central America that left a large volume of anthropogenic mercury pollution. Since the Industrial Revolution, the mercury level has increased at a fast pace, very likely caused by modern coal combustion, chlor-alkali and oil refining industries. The comparison of mercury profiles from different places on earth suggested that anthropogenic mercury pollution after the Industrial Revolution is more severe in Northern Hemisphere than in Antarctica.     

南京市大气CO2浓度模拟及源贡献研究

定量研究城市区域人为CO_2通量对于控制温室气体排放具有重要意义,而基于大气CO_2浓度观测与大气传输模型方法反演区域尺度的CO_2通量是未来的一个重要发展方向,其中模型对大气CO_2浓度的模拟则是能否成功反演CO_2通量的重要基础,然而我国还未有针对城市区域CO_2浓度的长时间(1年)模拟.本研究基于高空间分辨率的人为源CO_2资料与拉格朗日大气传输模型(WRF-STILT),对南京市郊区34 m观测高度处2014年大气CO_2浓度进行模拟,并就模型模拟结果的主要影响因素和源贡献组成进行了分析,研究得出以下结论:(1)WRF-STILT模型能较好模拟出4个季节观测到的高CO_2浓度及有季节差异性的日变化特征.(2)观测CO_2浓度的足迹贡献源区(footprint)的季节变化在盛行风向影响下差异巨大,CO_2浓度增加值在前1 d的主要贡献占据总浓度贡献的90%,表明该34 m高度观测点可代表长三角区域的CO_2排放量的影响,而安徽东部和江苏中南部对其影响更大;(3)相对于排放源的日变化,边界层高度等气象因素的差异是引起CO_2强日变化的主要因素,这也是模拟的各季度浓度增加值差异的原因,其中秋季(34.97μmol·mol-1)冬季(30.07μmol·mol-1)夏季(27.28μmol·mol-1)春季(23.36μmol·mol-1);(4)浓度的主要贡献来源分别为石油生产(41%)和能源工业(26%),这和长三角区域的人为源CO_2排放通量差异巨大(石油生产:3%,能源工业:35%).