Land system architecture for urban sustainability: new directions for land system science illustrated by application to the urban heat island problem

ABSTRACT

Land system science (LSS) has expanded its research focus from the drivers of land-use and -cover change primarily in rural wildlands to include the social-environmental consequences of this change, urban areas, and sustainability practice. Land system architecture, interacting with the landscape mosaic approach in ecology, offers a special niche for the entry of rural areas and wildlands into urban sustainability research through examinations of the composition and configuration of ‘cityscapes’. Given the fine-grain data requirements of heterogeneous cityscapes, emergent land architecture-mosaic approaches have largely explored the urban heat island (UHI) problem, a topic that links LSS with the interests of urban climatology, engineering, and planning in city morphology or geometry. The subtle distinctions in the treatment of land configuration between land architecture-mosaic approaches and urban morphology-geometry approaches are identified. Several examples of the land architecture-mosaic approach illustrate the understanding gained about the UHI problem as well as its complementarity with morphology-geometry approaches. This understanding provides insights about the design of urban areas at the parcel to neighborhood scales to ameliorate extreme temperatures, an issue of increasing concern for urban areas worldwide and consistent with the sustainability problems identified by such international programs as Future Earth.     

Above and below ground biomass patterns in arid lands

Regular vegetation patterns have been observed in many arid zones around the word. This particular spontaneous arrangement of the vegetation optimizes the use of the scarce water resources and could be imitated to restore vulnerable ecosystems; at the same time, the patterns of vegetation act as an early warning signal of the fact that fragile ecosystems may suddenly undergo irreversible shifts, thus, they deserve a special attention. The formation of vegetation patterns is the object of many theoretical and experimental studies, nevertheless, in previous works, the interest that is deserved to below ground biomass allocation is minor as compared to the effort that is spent to describe the organization of vegetation above ground.     

火灾直接财产损失评估移动终端系统软件结构设计

介绍了一种基于嵌入式PDA设备的专业系统＂火灾直接财产损失评估移动终端系统＂的软件结构设计过程。该软件以公安部发布的公共安全行业标准《火灾直接财产损失统计方法》GA185—1998为计算依据,解决了嵌入式PDA设备的软件开发和编制问题,可用于房屋建筑、设备及其他财产和文物建筑的火灾损失计算和统计,并可生成数据文件,用于与之相匹配的＂火灾直接财产损失评估PC系统＂中进行统计和汇总,可随时随地地在火灾现场方便地进行直接财产损失计算和统计,能给消防工作人员带来很大便利。     

中国传统民居建筑风貌地域分异特征与形成机理

保护传统村镇是新型城镇化的重要任务之一,而作为物质文化遗产和文化基因的民居建筑是传统村镇传统风貌的主体,缺失传统民居建筑的传统村镇就失去了文化遗产传承的载体。以全国代表性建筑景观特色型村镇为案例,分析传统村落建筑风貌地域分异特征,进而探究其地域分异的影响机理。研究发现：首先,中国传统民居建筑风貌主要分为12种类型,由此形成的建筑风貌区在空间分布上南北差异明显,北方建筑风貌区呈大小两个片区分布,而南方呈两条带状分布。其次,从聚落环境、空间布局、造型风格、建筑材料和细部装饰等五方面反映出中国传统民居建筑风貌的地域分异明显。第三,自然环境因素（包括地貌/水系、气候、植材/土石等）是形成传统民居建筑风貌地域分异的基石;宗法伦理、风水观念及民族文化等人文因素是地域分异的内动力;而人口迁移、战争防御和商贸经济等人文因素是地域分异的外推力。     

基于.NET的产品故障管理信息系统设计与建模

首先介绍了基于.NET平台的Pet Shop体系架构,然后分析了产品的故障信息,并说明了故障案例数据库的设计思路,最后介绍了产品故障管理信息系统的功能设计、结构设计,并详细描述了系统的UML建模过程,给出了系统的用例图、活动图、时序图.     

扬子石化公司环保信息网的网络结构介绍

介绍了环保信息网的网络结构和应用系统结构。环保信息网络采用以太交换网的总线拓朴结构，系统操作平台为Windows NT4.0，开发工具为Delphi4.0，数据库存储和管理采用SQL server，整个网络通过B/S、C/S和RAS三种方式来共同实现环境统计和监测资料的收集、处理、加工和传输的计算机化和网络化。     

沈阳开发区生态园林规划研究

本文应用生态学原理、传统园林规划理论及园林艺术理论,以沈阳开发区为例,对生态园林规划理论及方法进行了探讨.     

房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价的新问题探讨

对房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价中出现的新问题进行了识别与分析，提出了需要将建筑节能、室内环境质量影响评价引入建设项目环境影响评价的基本内容，并针对绿色概念的实施机制进行了探讨。讨论了房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价中需要重视的内容。     

垦殖后洲滩湿地生态恢复的景观设计途径——以长江新济洲滩为例

长江南京段新济洲滩是一处由心滩不断扩大形成的洲滩湿地，由于人类长期垦殖、修筑垸堤等活动，导致洲滩湿地的景观格局和过程发生根本性改变，湿地生态系统服务退化。从景观生态学的角度出发，参照Steinitz景观设计六步骤模式，构建了描述、过程、评价、改变、评估和决策模型，探讨洲滩湿地的生态恢复途径，指出拆除垸堤、去除人类过分干扰是新济洲滩生态恢复的关键，恢复自然洪水过程、让自然做功、恢复季节性湿地及生境是其基本途径。模拟维持现状、拆除圩堤、拆除防洪堤3种预景，分析不同预景洲滩湿地面积、生物栖息地面积变化，结果表明拆除防洪堤将使洲滩季节性、洪水泛滥湿地面积所占比重分别将由5%、4%增加到56%、24%，长江鱼类、龟鳄类、涉禽类栖息地面积所占比重由7%、11%、5%分别增加到21%、75%、56%。湿地是重要的景观生态系统，利用Steinitz六步骤模式进行生态恢复途径的探讨，对其他湿地生态恢复的规划和设计也有重要的借鉴意义     

“Impressive?” Credentials,family photographs,and the perception of therapist qualities

The impact of the number of displayed credentials (0, 2, 4, or 9) and the presence or absence of family photographs on participants' judgments of a therapist's qualities was assessed. In a between-participants design, 227 participants made these judgments after viewing a projected digital image of a therapist's office. The judgments of the characteristics yielded three factors, Qualifications, Friendliness, and Energy. Analyses indicated that in general, the greater the number of credentials, the more positive the judgment of the therapist's Qualifications and Energy. The presence of family pictures had no significant impact on judgments. Results are discussed in terms of recommendations for the counseling environment.