多介质土壤滤层系统(MSL)与潜流式人工湿地技术处理海水养殖废水的效能比较

为探索经济可行的海水养殖废水处理技术,选取南美白对虾海水养殖废水,对比研究了多介质土壤滤层(multi-soillayer,MSL)系统和4种不同植物配置潜流式人工湿地(大米草型、芦苇型、香蒲型和无植物型)在400 L·(m2·d)-1水力负荷下的废水处理效果.结果表明,MSL对化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的平均去除率分别为80.38%±2.14%、68.14%±3.51%、40.79%±3.10%、42.68%±2.90%和54.19%±5.15%,均高于其他4种不同植物配置的潜流式人工湿地的处理效果.4种人工湿地系统对各污染物的去除率从高到低依次为:大米草型>芦苇型>香蒲型>无植物型.     

养殖鱼塘底泥微生物抗生素耐药基因分布分析

针对水产养殖中抗生素滥用引起微生物耐药基因污染的现象,本实验以杭州市某水产养殖区底泥样品为研究对象,测定了底泥样品中抗生素含量,并从其中分离出74株可培养细菌.采用PCR方法对分离菌株中磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)和整合子基因进行了检测.结果表明,除tet A(四环素类)耐药基因未被检出外,其余3种耐药基因及整合子基因均被检出,其中qnr S(喹诺酮类)耐药基因的检出率最高,为50.00%.另外,利用16S r DNA序列分析技术将分离菌株鉴定为12个属、19个种,包括环境中多种常见土著细菌及部分致病菌,其中气单胞菌(Aeromonas spp.)数量最多(29株),占分离菌株的39.19%.掌握水产养殖区中ARGs的污染现状,对控制其传播、保障食品安全和保护微生态环境具有重要指导意义.     

Integrated Aquaculture in Subsaharan Africa

An incremental, farmer participatory approach to the development of sustainable aquaculture in integrated farming systems has been tested in Malawi. Average fish production rose from 900 to approximately 1500 kg ha^-1 as farms achieved increasing levels of integration. Integrated farms produce almost six times the cash generated by the typical Malawian smallholder. The integrated pond-vegetable garden generates almost three times the annual net income from the staple maize crop and the homestead combined. The ecological footprint of integrated aquaculture is approximately 4 m² per kg of fish produced compared to 170 m² for more intensive systems. The incremental approach offers the possibility of fostering substantial improvement in rural livelihoods among African smallholding farmers.     

Nitrogen recovery in an integrated system for wastewater treatment and tilapia production

An integrated system, consisting of Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-duckweed-tilapia ponds was used for recovery of sewage nutrients and water recycling. A UASB reactor with 40 liter working volume was used as pre-treatment unit followed by a series of three duckweed ponds for nitrogen recovery. The treated effluent and duckweed biomass was used to feed fishponds stocked with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The UASB reactor was fed with raw, domestic sewage at 6 h hydraulic retention time. The three duckweed ponds were stocked with Lemna gibba and fed with UASB effluent at 15 days hydraulic retention time. Nitrogen recovery from UASB effluent via duckweed biomass represented 81% of total nitrogen removal and 46.5% from the total nitrogen input to the system. In subsequent fishponds the nitrogen recovery from duckweed as fish feed was in the range of 13.4–20%. This nitrogen in fish biomass represented 10.6–11.5 g N from the total nitrogen in the raw sewage fed to the UASB reactor. The growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showed specific growth rates (SGR) in the range of 0.53–0.97. The range of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were 1.2–2.2 and 2.1–2.28, respectively. The results of the experiments showed total fish yield and net fish yield in the range of 17–22.8 ton/ha/y and 11.8–15.7 ton/ha/y respectively. In conclusion UASB-duckweed-tilapia ponds provide marketable by-products in the form of duckweed and fish protein, which represent a cost recovery for sewage treatment.     

不同养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒营养物质组成特征

2012年4~10月采用自制沉降颗粒收集装置收集主养草鱼和黄颡鱼池塘生态系统中沉降颗粒物,开展了颗粒物质的垂直沉降量以及沉降颗粒中碳氮磷等营养物质的组成及沉降通量的季节变化特征的研究。结果表明:养殖可以显著提高池塘颗粒物质的垂直沉降量,主养草鱼池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量显著高于主养黄颡鱼池塘(p0.01),且两种养殖模式池塘颗粒物质沉降量随着养殖时间推进有显著增加的趋势。主养草鱼的池塘中颗粒物质垂直沉降量在100.39~414.66g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为224.46g/(m2·d),主养黄颡鱼池塘中沉降颗粒物质垂直沉降量在34.14~272.91g/(m2·d)之间变化,平均为155.18g/(m2·d)。两种养殖模式沉降颗粒的碳氮磷成分在养殖周期内的变化规律不明显但具有相似的变化趋势,主养黄颡鱼池塘沉降颗粒中TN、TC、TOC和TON的含量均比同时期主养草鱼高,且均随着养殖时间的推进,沉降颗粒中碳氮磷的总量呈增加趋势。两种养殖模式池塘沉降颗粒中的C/N比值与沉积物中的C/N比值较为接近,表明沉降颗粒与沉积物营养物质来源具有一定的相似性,同时养殖系统内养殖对象与其所处环境的相互依存和相互影响对颗粒物质的产生以及沉降具有重要作用。     

Sustainability and Local People’s Participation in Coastal Aquaculture: Regional Differences and Historical Experiences in Sri Lanka and the Philippines

This article discusses environmental sustainability in aquaculture and its contribution to poverty alleviation, based on field studies in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The aquaculture practices studied are the monoculture of the black tiger prawn (Penneaus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) and the polyculture of the two species together with the mud crab (Scylla serrata). Factors affecting economic viability, social equity and environmental impacts in aquaculture are discussed and used to illuminate local and regional differences between aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Findings indicate that the most significant difference is the level of participation by local people (i.e., people originating ≤10 km away from the farm location). In the Philippines, 84 % of the people involved in aquaculture are locals, whereas in Sri Lanka, 55% are outsiders. Whether differences between the two areas can be explained by analyzing regional conditions, which might have resulted in different aquaculture practices, is discussed. In Sri Lanka, semi-intensive shrimp monoculture is currently the most common practice, whereas in the Philippines, extensive shrimp/fish polyculture is more common. Previous studies, as well as fieldwork, indicate that extensive culture practices reduce environmental impacts and benefit local people more. Sustainability in aquaculture is, however, also dependent on the extent of mangrove conversion into ponds. As such, extensive and locally owned farms do not necessarily result in an all but sustainable situation. Keeping this in mind, it is discussed if extensive polyculture practices might result in a more sustainable aquaculture, both environmentally and socioeconomically.     

固定化小球藻对海水养殖废水氮磷的处理

本研究利用海藻酸钠（SA）作为载体、以氯化钙（CaCl₂）为交联剂,探究小球藻最佳固定化条件及其对海水养殖废水氨氮和磷酸盐的处理效果.通过对比不同浓度SA和CaCl₂对小球藻生长的影响及不同固定化条件的藻球对氨氮、磷酸盐处理效果,确定最佳固定化条件为2.0% SA和2.0% CaCl₂.对比固定化藻球和悬浮小球藻对模拟海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐去除效果,结果表明固定化藻球比悬浮藻液对氮、磷处理效果更好.其中低接种率（1：10）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别为63.26%和62.76%.固定化小球藻浓度越高,其净化能力越强,高接种率（1：1）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别是85.16%和75.94%.连续流运行下固定化藻球对海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为84.49%和72.17%.小球藻固定化态保留并延长了悬浮态生长活性,提高了对海水养殖废水脱氮除磷效果.     

上海沙田湖养殖区及周边水体中氟喹诺酮类抗性基因的分布特征及其与环境因子关系

集约化水产养殖区常被认为是水体抗生素和抗性基因的主要潜在来源,然而对其该类水体中抗生素和抗性基因污染情况的研究仍相对匮乏.本文以上海市沙田湖养殖区及周边水体为调查对象,利用宏基因组学高通量测序技术,于2020年9月对水体中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(fluoroquinolones,FQs)和氟喹诺酮类抗性基因(fluoroquinolones antibiotic resistance genes,FQs-ARGs)的种类和丰度进行了调查,并利用多元统计分析方法研究了水体理化因子和FQs对FQs-ARGs的影响.结果表明,沙田湖养殖区及周边水体共检测出5类耐药机制、共46种FQs-ARGs,其中各水体共有基因为44种.抗性基因mfd和patA在养殖水体和周边水体中均为优势抗性基因,抗生素抗性基因变异或突变为优势耐药机制.养殖水体和周边河湖水体、不同养殖品种水体之间FQs-ARGs的平均丰度无显著差异(P＞0.05).偏冗余分析(pRDA)表明,除了诺氟沙星和环丙沙星2种抗生素外,水体电导率(Spc)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、溶解氧(DO)、pH和叶绿素a(Chl-a)等环境因子是影响水体中FQs-ARGs组成与分布的关键性因子,且非抗生素因子的总贡献率远高于抗生素.     

南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

网围养殖对滆湖底栖动物群落组成及物种多样性的影响

2002年4月、7月、11月和2003年1月对滆湖底栖动物群落组成、分布及多样性现状进行了研究.结果表明,滆湖现有底栖动物31种,其中软体动物14种,淡水寡毛类6种,水生昆虫7种和水蛭4种.主要优势种为梨形环棱螺和羽摇蚊.相似性分析表明,滆湖网围养鱼区和网围养蟹区底栖动物群落组成相似程度较高,而都与非养殖区差异较大,说明网围养殖对底栖动物组成存在影响;而且网围养鱼对底栖动物的影响更甚于网围养蟹的影响.多样性分析表明,滆湖底栖动物多样性呈现自北向南递增以及夏秋低、冬春高的时空变化格局.图3表2参17