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151.
Xinhua Fu Fredric V. Vencl Ohba Nobuyoshi V. Benno Meyer-Rochow Chaoliang Lei Zhongning Zhang 《Chemoecology》2007,17(2):117-124
Summary. When attacked or otherwise disturbed, larvae of the aquatic firefly Luciola leii display fork-shaped glands laterally from the meso- and metathorax as well as each abdominal segment. Glandular eversion
is accompanied by a strong pine oil-like odour, thanatosis and glowing from paired larval light organs. Observations by SEM
and TEM revealed that there are numerous, almost spherical protuberances, measuring 9 μm in diameter on the surface of each
gland. Each protuberance is connected to a well developed secretory cell via a 0.1 μm thick and 0.2 μm long stalk and bears
three to six 7 μm long spines on its apex. The convoluted glandular walls measure 0.2 μm. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells
is characterized by the presence of numerous mitochondria and an extensive system of cisternae and tubular endoplasmic reticulum.
Preliminary GC-MS analysis of the glandular secretion revealed two volatile terpenoids: terpinolene and γ-terpinene. Choice
and no-choice bioassays involving fish and ants as well as other predators demonstrate that the secretions serve as an effective
deterrent against a range of ecologically relevant enemies. The larval postural adjustments, light emission, everted glands,
and glandular release of distasteful or repellent compounds, appear to function as a multi-modal, aposematic larval defence.
The tandem evolution of glandular secretions and conspicuousness in larval fireflies could partially explain their successful
radiation into both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. 相似文献
152.
153.
Heavy Metals in the Bed and Suspended Sediments of Anyang River, Korea: Implications for Water Quality 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The objective of this study is to compare Anyang River bed sediments with water chemical composition and to assess the anthropogenic chemical inputs into the river system. Eight sampling locations were chosen along the river channel. Bed and suspended river sediments and water samples were collected, and analyzed for their chemical and physical composition. Data revealed that trace element concentrations in the river water were generally below world average, except for As, Mn, Ni and Cr. Among the three phases: water, bed and suspended sediment, more than 99% of the trace elements was associated with the bed sediment. Concentrations of trace elements in the sediment were a function a particle size distribution and organic content. The calculated degrees of enrichment based on the least influenced sample (ASD 1) indicated the river sediments were enriched with respect to background. The enrichment factors for Pb, Zn and As were relatively lower than for Cr, Co, Ni and Zn. The difference in the enrichment seems to reflect the human activities influence in the basin, and specially for Cd. Speciation of the elements in the five different chemical forms in the sediment by sequential extraction indicated that the reducible fraction was predominant for Fe, Zinc and Cu showed an irregular variation among the different fractions; whereas, Cd and Pb were more regular. Zinc and Cu highly existed mostly in exchangeable forms. Acid soluble and reducible forms were also important for most metals. The speciation implies that the metals associated with the sediment are subject to release into water bodies as goechemical variables (pH and Eh) change. Currently, the introduced metals are deposited near the source area and are mostly associated with the sediment, implying that the river bed sediment acts mainly as a sink, rather than a pool. The accumulated and enriched toxic trace elements can pose a potential pollution of river water. 相似文献
154.
Application of a coupled ecosystem-chemical equilibrium model, DayCent-Chem, to stream and soil chemistry in a Rocky Mountain watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen species have the potential to acidify terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but nitrate and ammonium are also critical nutrients for plant and microbial productivity. Both the ecological response and the hydrochemical response to atmospheric deposition are of interest to regulatory and land management agencies. We developed a non-spatial biogeochemical model to simulate soil and surface water chemistry by linking the daily version of the CENTURY ecosystem model (DayCent) with a low temperature aqueous geochemical model, PHREEQC. The coupled model, DayCent-Chem, simulates the daily dynamics of plant production, soil organic matter, cation exchange, mineral weathering, elution, stream discharge, and solute concentrations in soil water and stream flow. By aerially weighting the contributions of separate bedrock/talus and tundra simulations, the model was able to replicate the measured seasonal and annual stream chemistry for most solutes for Andrews Creek in Loch Vale watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park. Simulated soil chemistry, net primary production, live biomass, and soil organic matter for forest and tundra matched well with measurements. This model is appropriate for accurately describing ecosystem and surface water chemical response to atmospheric deposition and climate change. 相似文献
155.
156.
废钻井液污染分析及处理方法的探讨 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
为解决废钻井液对周围环境的污染,介绍了废钻井液的成分及对环境的影响,分析了国内外废钻井液处理方法的优缺点,详细阐述了中原油田结合本单位情况,用无害化处理技术处理废钻井液的方法和效果。试验表明:无害化处理剂中的各组分与废钻井液中各污染因子发生化学和物理作用,经3~5个月固化后可以达到无害化处理的目的。分析认为:中原油田钻井废弃物无害化处理技术是切实可行的。 相似文献
157.
158.
珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究1.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44~963.20ng·L-,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83~40.09 ng·g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng·g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng·g-1、虾类则为565.0ng·g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用. 相似文献
159.
160.
DerivingfreshwaterqualitycriteriaofsulphocyanicsodiumfortheprotectionofaquaticlifeinChinaZhangTongDepartmentofEnvironmentalE... 相似文献